Biology and Behavior

Question 1

neuropsychology

Answer 1

study of the connection between the nervous system, mind, and behavior, often focuses on the functions of various brain regions

Question 2

the 3 types of neurons

Answer 2

sensory (afferent) , motor (efferent), interneurons

Question 3

reflex arc

Answer 3

neural circuits that control reflexive behavior through the ability of interneurons do relay information to the source of stimuli while simultaneously routing information to the brain creating an immediate response to a stimuli

Question 4

describe the branches of the nervous system

Answer 4

nervous system CNS - Brain - Spinal cord PNS (most cranial and spinal nerves) - Somatic (voluntary) - Autonomic (involuntary) —-Parasympathetic ( rest and digest) —-Sympathetic (fight or flight)

Question 5

meninges ( define, function)

Answer 5

thick sheath of connective tissue that covers the brain protect the brain anchors to skull resorb cerebrospinal fluid

Question 6

3 layers of the meninges

Answer 6

pia mater (inner most) attaches to brain, arachnoid mater, dura mater (thick outer most)

Question 7

cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 7

aqueous solution in which the brain and spinal cord rest. produced by specialized cells in the ventricles of the brain

Question 8

3 subdivisions of the developing nervous system and the brain structures associated with them

Answer 8

hindbrain aka rhombencephalon: -

• myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)
• metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)

midbrain aka mesencephalon

• tegmentum
• colliculi (superior receives visual sensory input) inferior (receives auditory information)
• peduncles

forebrain aka proencephalon

• telencephalon (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system)
• diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, pineal gland)

Question 9

location of the hindbrain

Answer 9

where the brain meets the spinal cord

Question 10

true/false Brain structures associated with basic survival are located at the base of the brain and those with more complex functions are located higher up

Answer 10

True - the hindbrain and midbrain developed earlier in evolutionary terms. Together they form the brainstem which is the most primitive region of the brain

Question 11

cerebrospinal fluid (definition and function)

Answer 11

fluid that surronds the brain.

• serves to cushion the brain within the skull
• chemical stability
• waste removal
• prevent brain ischemia

Question 12

cerebral cortex

Answer 12

outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres responsible for higher order processing

Question 13

brainstem

Answer 13

the most primitive region of the brain ; consists of midbrain, pons, and the medulla oblongata

Question 14

limbic system

Answer 14

group of neural structures primarily associated with emotion and memory (HAT HIPPOS)

hypothalamus

amygdala

thalamus

hippocampus

septal nuclei (pleasure and addictive behavior)

Question 15

basal ganglia

Answer 15

collection of structures (nuclei) responsible for motor control, movement, helps keep movements smooth and posture steady

receive input from cerebral cortex via the extrapyramidal motor system and relays to brain and spinal cord

Question 16

thalamus

Question 17

hypothalamus

Answer 17

hunger and thirst

temperature regulation

emotion

memory

modulation of endocrine system through pituitary gland

Question 18

inferior and superior colliculi

Answer 18

superior - receive visual sensory input

inferior - receive auditory sensory input

sensorimotor reflexes

Question 19

cerebellum

Answer 19

refined motor movement

Question 20

medulla oblongata

Answer 20

located in the brain stem

controls vital/autonomic functions: breathing rate, heart rate, blood pressure

also controls vital reflexes like vomiting, sneezing, coughing, swallowing

Question 21

reticular formation

Answer 21

arousal and alertness

Question 22

EEG

Answer 22

EEG, electroencphalogram is a test that detects abnormalities in your brain waves, or in the electrical activity of your brain

Question 23

lateral hypthalamus

ventromedial hypothalamus

anterior hypothalamus

Answer 23

LH: hunger center

VMH: satiety

AH: sexual behavior, sleep, body temperature

Question 24

posterior pituitary major hormones released

Answer 24

antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

oxytocin

Question 25

major hormone secreted by the pineal gland

Answer 25

melatonin –> regulates sleep cycle

receives direct signals from the retina for coordination with sunlight

Question 27

extrapyramidal motor system

Answer 27

gathers information about body position and carries this information to CNS

Question 28

common illnesses damage to the basal ganglia is linked to

Answer 28

Parkinson’s disease: jerky movements, uncontrolled resting tremors

schizophrenia:

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 29

fornix

Answer 29

long projection that serves as communication link between hippocampus and other structures of the limbic system

Question 30

anterograde amnesia

Answer 30

inability to establish new long-term memories

Question 31

retrograde amnesia

Answer 31

memory loss of events that transpired before brain injury

Question 32

describe the regions of the frontal lobe

Answer 32

2 basic regions

1. prefrontal cortex

• supervises and directs other brain regions
• association area: inputs information from diverse brain regions

2. primary motor cortex

• located on the precentral gyrus
• initiates voluntary motor functions by sending neural impulse down spinal cord to muscles

Question 33

association area vs projection area

Question 34

primary motor cortex (location, function)

Answer 34

location: anterior to central sulcus in the precentral gyrus
function: initiates primary motor movements by sending neural impulses down spinal cord to muscles

Question 35

somatosensory cortex (location, function)

Answer 35

location: parietal lobe post central gyrus of central sulcus
function: sensory signal information processing of touch, pressure, temperature pain

Question 36

key regions of arietal lobe

Answer 36

somatosensory cortex

central region responsible for spatial processing and manipulation

Question 37

visual cortex

Answer 37

aka striate cortex. why?

visual processing

Question 38

key regions of temporal lobe

Answer 38

auditory cortex: primary site of sound processing

wernickes area: language comprehension and reception

memory processing (hippocampus in located deep in the temporal lobe,emotions and language