Biology And Behavior

Question 1

What are the major divisions of the nervous system?

Answer 1

Central nervous system: brain & spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system: somatic and autonomic (sympathetic & parasympathetic systems)

Question 2

What are the major differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic system?

Answer 2

Parasympathetic
	pupil constriction
	saliva production
	slow heart rate
	digestion
	bladder constriction

Sympathetic
	pupil dilation
	inhibit salivation
	increase heart rate
	glucose release
	adrenaline release
	bladder dilation

Question 3

Name the layers of the meninges from top down.

Answer 3

Skin
Periosteum
Bone
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pita mater

Question 4

What are the structures of the forebrain?

Answer 4

Cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia
Lambic system
Thalamus
Hypothalmus

Question 5

What are the structures of the midbrain?

Answer 5

Inferior follicular

Superior follicular

Question 6

What are the structures of the hindbrain?

Answer 6

Cerebellum
Medulla oblong at a
Reticular formation

Question 7

What are the primary functions of the hindbrain?

Answer 7

Vital functions necessary for survival

Such as:
	balance
	motor coordination
	breathing
	digestion
	sleeping/waking

Question 8

What are the primary functions of the midbrain?

Answer 8

Receiving sensory and motor information for the body.

Involuntary reflexes to visual and auditory stimuli.

Question 9

What are the primary functions of the forebrain?

Answer 9

Perception, cognition, and behavior.

Emotion and memory.

Question 10

Name the methods for mapping the brain?

What are each of their distinguishing features?

Answer 10

CT - x-ray slicing
PET - radioactive sugar used
MRI - magnetic field to map hydrogen dense regions of brain
fMRI - same technique as an MRI, except it monitors blow flow.

Question 11

Where is the thalamus located?

What is its primary function?

Answer 11

Forebrain

receives sensory information for all senses, except for smell.

Question 12

Where is the Hypothalamus?

What is its primary function?

Answer 12

Underneath the front portion of the larger Thalamus

Primary function includes regulating homeostatic functions
Four Fs mnemonic:
	1. Feeding
	2. Fighting
	3. Flighting
	4. Functioning sexually

Question 13

Name the three regions of the hypothalamus.

Answer 13

Lateral hypothalamus - hunger/thirst center
Ventromedial hypothalamus - “satiety center” (i.e. stop eating, fullness)
Anterior hypothalamus - sexual behavior

Question 14

Basal Ganglia?

Answer 14

Coordinates smooth muscle movements

Question 15

What is the function of the limbic system?

Answer 15

Emotion and memory

Question 16

Primary components of the limbic system?

Answer 16

Septal nuclei - pleasure center and addictive behavior
Amygdala - fear and rage
Hippocampus - learning and memory processes
- hippocampus is connected via the fornix

Question 17

Name the four lobes of the cerebral cortex

Answer 17

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

Question 18

Primary motor cortex

Answer 18

Located on the precentral gyrus. Responsible for voluntary motor movements

Question 19

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 19

Association area involved in executive functions

Question 20

Broca’s area

Answer 20

Commonly located in the left hemisphere of the prefrontal cortex. Responsible for speech production.

Question 21

Somatosenory cortex

Answer 21

Located on the postcentral gyrus.

A projection area involved in somatosensory information processing.

Question 22

Visual cortex

Answer 22

Also known as the striate cortex.

Sensation and perception of visual information.

Question 23

Auditory cortex

Answer 23

Located in the temporal lobe.

Involved in Sound processing.

Question 24

Wernicke’s area

Answer 24

Specifically language reception and comprehension

Typically dominant hemisphere (Left hemisphere)

Question 25

Contralaterally vs ipsilaterally

Answer 25

Across cerebral hemispheres vs same cerebral hemisphere (i.e. hearing)

Question 26

Acetylcholine

Answer 26

Primary neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system Found in both central and peripheral nervous systems

Question 27

Three important catecholamines

Answer 27

Important roles in emotions Epinephrine Norepinephrine Dopamine

Question 28

Epinephrine

Answer 28

Alertness and wakefulness Acts more as a systemic hormone.

Question 29

Norepinephrine

Answer 29

Alertness and wakefulness neurotransmitter Acts on a more Local level than epinephrine

Question 30

Dopamine

Answer 30

Movement and posture neurotransmitter High conc in basal ganglia

Question 31

Serotonin

Answer 31

Neurotransmitter Regulating mood, eating , sleeping, dreaming High conc equals mania Low conc equals depression

Question 32

GABA vs Glycine Vs Glutamate

Answer 32

GABA = inhibitory neurotransmitter via hyperpolarization Glycine = inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS via chloride influx (hyperpolarization) Glutamate = excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS

Question 33

Endorphins

Answer 33

Polypeptide neurotransmitters that are natural pain killers Slow acting and long lasting

Question 34

Name the 3 Nature vs Nurture study techniques

Answer 34

Family studies - limited in scope (both genetic and environment based) Twin studies - compares concordance rates (MZ vs DZ twins) Adoption studies - analyze environment influences on behavior

Question 35

Describe the process of neurulation

Answer 35

Ectoderm over the notochord furrows, leading to the neural groove surrounds by neural folds Neural groove closes to form the neural tube, which leads to the CNS Neural tube has an alar plate near the top which forms sensory neurons and a basal plate which forms motor neurons. Neural tube invaginates many times to form embryonic swellings.

Question 36

rooting reflex

Answer 36

turning of the head in direction of a stimulus Think cheek to nipple

Question 37

Moro reflex

Answer 37

Movement toward an infant’s head causes arms to fling outward

Question 38

Babinski reflex

Answer 38

Infants spread toes apart when sole of foot is stimulated

Question 39

Grasping reflex

Answer 39

Infants “grasp” objects when placed in their hands