Biology and Behavior

Question 1

Franz Gall

Answer 1

Phrenology

• well developed areas of the brain would expand

Question 2

Pierre Flourens

Answer 2

Conducted extirpation/ablation

• Removal of brain part to observe consequences

Question 3

William James

Answer 3

Father of American Psychology

• Functionalism - how mental processes help individuals adapt to environments

Question 4

John Dewey

Answer 4

Study of organism as a whole and its adaption

Question 5

Paul Broca

Answer 5

• Examined behavioral deficits of people with brain damage
• Discovered Broca’s area for speech production

Question 6

Hermann von Helholtz

Answer 6

• Measured speed of nerve impulse
• transition of psychology into field of natural sciences

Question 7

Sir Charles Sherrington

Answer 7

• Existence of synapses

Question 8

Three kinds of nerve cells and functions

Answer 8

• Sensory neurons (afferent)
  
  • ascend cord to brain
• Motor neurons (efferent)
  
  • transmit info from brain/ cord to muscles and glands
• Interneurons
  
  • involved in reflexes

Question 9

layers of the meninges

Answer 9

1. Pia mater
2. Arachnoid mater
3. Dura mater

Question 10

Midbrain

Answer 10

• Formed by hindbrain and midbrain
• most primitive region

Question 11

Cerebral cortex functions

Answer 11

• language processing
• problems solving
• impulse control
• long term planning

Question 12

Parts of the FOREBRAIN

Answer 12

• Cerebral cortex
• basal ganglia
• limbic system
• thalamus
• hypothalamus

Question 13

Parts of the MIDBRAIN

Answer 13

• Inferior and superior colliculi

Question 14

Parts of the HINDBRAIN

Answer 14

• Cerebellum
• Medulla Oblongata
• Reticular formation

Question 15

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 15

• Complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes
• Divided into frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe
• has gyri (bumps) and sulci (folds)

Question 16

Basal ganglia

Answer 16

• Movement and steady posture
• Parkinson’s disease associated with destruction of basal ganglia
• Extrapyrimidal system carries info about body position to CNS

Question 17

Limbic System

Answer 17

• Emotion and memory

1. Septal Nuclei - primary pleasure center
2. Amygdala - defensive and aggressive behaviors
3. Hippocampus - leaning and memory processes

Question 18

Thalamus

Answer 18

• Sensory relay station
• Sorts and transmits sensory impulses

Question 19

Hypothalamus

Answer 19

• Homeostatic functions
• emotion during high arousal states ( aggression, sex)
• primary regulator of autonomic nervouse system
• drives hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior

1. Lateral hypothalamus - hunger
2. Ventromedial Hypothalamus - stop eating
3. Anterior Hypothalamus - sexual behavior

Question 20

Inferior Colliculi

Answer 20

Sensorimotor reflexes - auditory

Question 21

Cerebellum

Answer 21

Refined motor movements

Balance

Question 22

Medulla Oblongata

Answer 22

Vital functions: breathing, digestion, etc)

Question 23

Reticular Formation

Answer 23

Arousal and alertness

Question 24

Superior Colliculi

Answer 24

Sensorimotor reflexes - visual

Question 25

**Cortical maps**

Answer 25

* Mapping out of brain functions in through the use of electrical stimulation * Patient is awake and alert

Question 26

**Methods of brain imaging**

Answer 26

* Electroencephalogram (EEG) * Regional Cerebral Blood Flow (rCBF) * CT (computed tomography) * PET (Position Emission Tomography) scan * MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging) * fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

Question 27

Acetylcholine

Answer 27

voluntary muscle control, parasympathetic nervous system, attention, alertness

Question 28

Catecholamines

Answer 28

* Family of related neurotransmitters/ also called monoamines or biogenic amines 1. **Epinephrine**: adrenalines, alertness and wakefulness, fight or flight 2. **Norepinephrine**: noradrenaline, alertness, fight flight, local level 3. **Dopamine**: movement and posture, high in basal ganglia, imbalances related to Schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease

Question 29

Serotonin

Answer 29

Mood, sleep, eating, sleeping

Question 30

GABA and Glycine

Answer 30

* Brain stabilization via hyperpolarization * inhibitory neurotransmitter

Question 31

Glutamate

Answer 31

Brain excitation- excitatory neurotransmitter

Question 32

Endorphins

Answer 32

* Are neuromodulators or neuropeptides * natural painkillers

Question 33

HORMONES

Answer 33

Chemical messengers of the endocrine system

Question 34

Hypophyseal Portal system

Answer 34

* Connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Question 35

Pituitary Gland

Answer 35

* Master gland * divided into anterior and posterior * anterior - releases hormones, controlled by hypothalamus

Question 36

Adrenal glands

Answer 36

* Above kidneys * two parts: adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex 1. _adrenal medull_a - secretes epinpehrine and norepinephrine 2. _adrenal cortex_ - produces corticosteroids, testosterone and estrogen