Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Behavioural Sciences > Biology And Behaviour > Flashcards

Biology And Behaviour Flashcards

(63 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What do sensory/afferent neurons do?

A

Transmit sensory information from receptors to spinal cord and brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do motor/efferent neurons do?

A

Transmit motor information from the brain and spinal cord to muscle and glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are interneurons?

A

Found between other neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which neurons are the most numerous?

A

Interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the CNS composed of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the PNS composed of?

A

Nerve tissue and fibre outside of the brain and spinal cord; helps connect the CNS to the rest of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

PNS can be split into somatic and autonomic nervous system. They are?

A

Somatic consists of sensory and motor neurons; sensory through efferent, motor through afferent

Autonomic regulates heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and gland secretion; involuntary muscles -> autonomic, independent of conscious control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Autonomic nervous system split into:

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system:

A

Conserve energy; resting and sleeping states

  • reduce heart rate
  • constrict bronchi
  • managing digestion by increasing peristalsis and exocrine secretions
  • contracts bladder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which neurotransmitter is responsible for the autonomic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sympathetic nervous system:

A

Activated by stress; fight or flight reactions

  • increased HR
  • distribute blood to muscles
  • increase blood glucose
  • decrease digestion and peristalsis
  • release epinephrine into blood
  • relaxes bronchi
  • inhibits bladder contraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The brain is covered with a thick sheath of connective tissue called the meninges, made up of:

A

Dura mater -> arachnoid mater -> pia mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Human brain can be split into 3:

A

Hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

Hindbrain and midbrain form the brain stem; developed first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Forebrain:

A

prosencephalon divides to form telencephalon and diencephalon

Cerebral cortex - perceptual, cognitive, behavioural processes
Basal ganglia - movement
Limbic system - emotion and memory
Thalamus - sensory relay station
Hypothalamus - hunger, thirst, and emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Midbrain:

A

mesencephalon - receives sensory and motor information from rest of body; involuntary reflexes

Inferior and superior colliculi; sensorimotor reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hindbrain:

A

rhombencephalon - controls balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, arousal
Rhombencephalon - splits into myelencephalon and metencephalon

Cerebellum - refined motor movements
Medulla oblongata - vital functioning like breathing and digestion
reticular formation - arousal and alertness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cerebral cortex:

A

Complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioural processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Basal ganglia:

A

Movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Limbic system:

A

Emotion and memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Thalamus:

A

Sensory relay station

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hypothalamus:

A

Hunger, thirst, and emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cerebellum:

A

Refined motor movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Medulla oblongata:

A

Vital functioning such as breathing and digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Reticular formation:

A

Arousal and alertness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
In prenatal life, the brain develops from?
The neural tube
26
Myelencephalon becomes the?
Medulla oblongata, which regulates vital functions such as breathing, HR and BP
27
Metencephalon becomes the?
Pons and cerebellum Pons contain sensory and motor pathways between cortex and medulla Cerebellum helps maintains posture and balance; coordinates body movements
28
Midbrain/Mesencephalon becomes the superior and inferior colliculi, which are?
Superior colliculi receives visual sensory input Inferior colliculi receives auditory sensory input; eg. Reflexive reactions to sudden noises
29
Telencephalon becomes the?
Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system
30
Diencephalon becomes the?
Thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary and pineal gland
31
Thalamus:
Relay station for incoming sensory information; sorts and transmits info to appropriate areas of cerebral cortex
32
Hypothalamus:
Divided into lateral (LH), ventromedial (VMH), anterior (AH) | Controls homeostatic function, behaviour, endocrine functions, autonomic nervous system
33
Four Fs of the hypothalamus:
Feeding Fighting Flighting Sexual functioning
34
Lateral hypothalamus (LH):
Hunger center; detects when the body needs food -> triggers eating and drinking If destroyed, one Lacks Hunger
35
Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH):
Satiety center; provides signal to stop eating If destroyed, one is Very Much Hungry
36
Anterior hypothalamus:
Controls sexual behaviour | Also sleep and body temperature
37
Basal ganglia:
Coordinate muscle movement Receive info from cortex and relay info to brain and spinal cord Parkinson’s relates to destruction of basal ganglia
38
Limbic system: septal nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus
Associated with emotion and memory
39
Septal nuclei associated with?
Pleasure ; addictive behaviours
40
Amygdala associated with?
Defensive and aggressive behaviours including fear and rage
41
Hippocampus associated with?
Learning and memory processes; consolidate information to form long-term memories
42
Cerebral cortex composed of?
Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
43
Frontal lobe composed of:
Prefrontal cortex, motor cortex, and Broca’s area (vitally important for speech production) Prefrontal cortex manages executive function by supervising and directing operations of other regions, such as perception, memory, emotion, impulse control, and long-term planning. Damage to prefrontal cortex impairs overall supervisory functions. Primary motor cortex initiates voluntary motor movements by sending neural impulses down the spinal cord toward the muscles.
44
Parietal lobe composed of:
Somatosensory cortex, which is involved in somatosensory information processing (touch pressure, temperature, pain) Central region of parietal lobe associated with spatial processing and manipulations; spatial orientation
45
Occipital lobe contains?
Visual cortex
46
Temporal lobe is composed of:
Auditory cortex and Wernicke’s area Auditory cortex is primary site for sound processing. Wernicke’s area associated with language reception and comprehension.
47
Dominant hemisphere (usually the left) is:
Primarily analytic in function, managing details; language, logic, math Whereas non dominant hemisphere is associated with intuition, creativity, music cognition, and spatial processing.
48
Functions of acetylcholine:
Transmit nerve impulses to the muscles Linked to attention and arousal Loss of cholinergic neurons to the hippocampus is associated with Alzheimer’s
49
Functions of Epinephrine/norephinephrine
Known as catecholamines together with dopamine: all play important roles in emotions Epinephrine/norepinephrine controls alertness and wakefulness; primary neurotransmitter of sympathetic nervous system Epinephrine secreted by the adrenal medulla
50
Functions of dopamine:
Plays important role in movement and posture High concentrations found in basal ganglia to help smooth movements and maintain posture. Too much dopamine, oversensitivity to dopamine: schizophrenia Too little dopamine: Parkinson’s
51
Functions of serotonin:
Regulating mood, eating, sleeping, and dreaming Oversupply causes manic states, under supply causes depression
52
Functions of GABA:
Produces inhibitory postsynaptic potentials; stabilises neural activity in the brain Causes hyperpolarisation of postsynaptic membrane
53
Functions of glycine:
Inhibitory; increases chloride influx into neuron, hyperpolarizes
54
Function of glutamate:
Excitatory neurotransmitter
55
The endocrine system utilises which chemical messenger?
Hormones; travel to destination through bloodstream Hypothalamus links endocrine to nervous system; regulates hormonal function of pituitary gland; maintained by the hypophyseal portal Pituitary “master” gland into anterior and posterior: anterior releases hormones that regulate endocrine glands, itself controlled by hypothalamus Adrenal gland: adrenal cortex and medulla; medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine; cortex produces corticosteroids and testosterone and estrogen Gonads produce sex hormones in higher concentrations
56
Neural crest: cells at leading edge of neural folds
Migrate to form disparate tissues, dorsal root ganglia, melanocytes, and calcitonin producing cells
57
Neural tube will form CNS
Alar plate differentiates into sensory neurons Basal plate differentiates into motor neurons Overtime, the neural tubes invaginates and folds over itself multiple times
58
Rooting reflex
Turning of the head in the direction of a stimulus; towards the nipple
59
Moro reflex:
React to abrupt movements of their heads by reaching arms out and crying
60
Babinski reflex:
Causes toes to spread apart when sole is stimulated
61
Grasping reflex:
When infant closes fingers around object placed in hand
62
Gross motor skills progresses from:
Head to toe in development
63
Social skills move from:
Parent oriented to self oriented to other oriented in development

Behavioural Sciences (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions