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Biology AP Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

Transcription Factor

A

The kind of protein that binds to DNA and changes the amount of transcription is a(n)

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2
Q

RNA Polyemerase

A

Responsible for copying a DNA sequence into an RNA sequence

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3
Q

DNA Polyermerase

A

Uses a single-stranded DNA template to synthesize a complementary strand of RNA.

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4
Q

Primary Protein Structure

A

The order of amino acids becomes

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5
Q

Secondary Protein Structure

A

First folding with alpha helix and beta pleated sheet.

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6
Q

Tertiary Protein Structure

A

Second folding, forms into a shape and determines its function.

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7
Q

Quaternary Protein Function

A

A 3D protein made up of three or more polypeptide chains.

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8
Q

Rubisco

A

An enzyme in chloroplasts that is involved in fixing atmospheric carbon dioxide during photosynthesis.

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9
Q

Ribosomes

A

Present in all organisms, important in protein synthesis, and particularly involved in translation.

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10
Q

Membrane Makeup

A

It is made up of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.

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11
Q

Nucleic Acid Makeup

A

Nitrogen, phosphate groups, and sugar molecules.

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12
Q

Amino Acid Makeup

A

Carbon, carboxyl acid, hydrogen, and an R-group.

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13
Q

Bacteria Cell Organelles

A

Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nuclear material, ribosome, plasmid, and sometimes nucleoid regions.

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14
Q

Enzymes code for how many genes?

A

One

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15
Q

Chiasmata

A

Specialized chromatin structures link homologous chromosomes together until anaphase I, and then facilitate crossing over so it is the most important for the generation of diversity.

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16
Q

Okazaki Fragments

A

Short sections of DNA formed at the time of discontinuous synthesis of the lagging strand during replication of DNA.

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17
Q

Restriction Fragments

A

A DNA fragment resulting from the cutting of a DNA strand by a restriction enzyme

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18
Q

Interphase and Transcription

A

If you want to study the components of transcription and translation, you should extract molecules from cells in the interphase.

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19
Q

Griffiths

A

Used two kinds of radioactive molecules to help show that DNA carries hereditary information.

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20
Q

Hershey

A

Showed that protein was not genetic and DNA was.

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21
Q

Crick

A

Discovered that DNA was a double helix.

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22
Q

Monod

A

Worked with E. Colo Lac Operons, and made a model for controlling the levels of some proteins in a cell.

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23
Q

Product of Transcription

24
Q

PCR

Study These Flashcards
A

Makes millions of copies of a region of DNA.

25
Protein Gel
A technique used to separate proteins based on their size and charge using an electric field within a gel matrix.
26
CRISPR
A gene-editing technology that allows scientists to precisely modify DNA sequences.
27
Epistasis
The interaction of genes that are not alleles, in particular the suppression of the effect of one such gene by another.
28
Incomplete Dominance
A form of Gene interaction in which both alleles of a gene at a locus are partially expressed, often resulting in an intermediate or different phenotype.
29
Codominance
A type of inheritance in which two versions (alleles) of the same gene are expressed separately to yield different traits in an individual.
30
Allopatric Speciation
(Geographical)
31
Sympatric Speciation
(Reproductive)
32
Chitin
Polymer found in fungi cell wall, exoskeletons of insects, and the shells of crustaceans. It provides structure and protection.
33
Branched Lipids
Found in Archaea aka bacteria.
34
Endotherm Body Temperature
Almost completely controlled by negative feedback.
35
Homeostatic Mechanism
Function to Maintain the Body in a State of Equilibrium and Allow a Degree of Independence from the Environment.
36
Community
Interactions of organisms in an area.
37
Population
A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same geographic area and are capable of interbreeding
38
Character Displacement
An evolutionary change that occurs when two similar species inhabit the same environment.
39
Resource partitioning
When different organisms within one ecosystem split up an area so that they will not compete for the same resources and when those organisms have a special adaptation.
40
Nitrogen Cycle
A biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms, consecutively passing from the atmosphere to the soil to organism, and back into the atmosphere.
41
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
42
Carbohydrate Makeup
Carbon, hydrogen, and Oxygen.
43
Lipid Makeup
Carbon, hydrogen, and Oxygen.
44
Protein Makeup
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
45
46
Positive Control
Exposed to a known change.
47
Negative Control
Exposed to no change.
48
Independent Variable (Graphs)
The x-axis.
49
Wild-type Alleles
The most common allele found in natural populations.
50
Autosomal Dominance
A way a genetic trait or condition can be passed down from parent to child. One copy of a mutated gene from one parent can cause the genetic condition. A child who has a parent with the mutated gene has a 50% chance of inheriting that mutated gene.
51
Autosomal Recessive
A pattern of inheritance characteristic of some genetic disorders. “Autosomal” means that the gene in question is located on one of the numbered, or non-sex, chromosomes. Two copies of the gene is needed.
52
X-Linked Dominance
A genetic inheritance pattern where a mutated gene on the X chromosome causes a trait or disorder. Only one copy is needed, so male offspring will get it. Men cannot pass it on to their sons.
53
X-Linked Recessive
A male carrying such a mutation will be affected, because he carries only one X chromosome. A female carrying a mutation in one gene, with a normal gene on the other X chromosome, is generally unaffected, (50% chance).
54
Amino Acids
They make up proteins
55
Nucleic Acids
They make up DNA and RNA

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