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Biology B3 communicable diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

What are pathogens?

A

diseases causing viruses, bacteria, fungi or protist, which can infect animals or plants

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2
Q

What type of disease are pathogens?

A

Pathogens are communicable-disease; they can spread easily

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3
Q

What are bacteria’s?

A

Bacteria are very small cells which can reproduce rapidly around your body(they don’t have a nucleus)

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4
Q

How can bacteria make you ill?

A

They can make you ill by producing toxins that damage the cells and tissues

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5
Q

What are viruses?

A

Viruses are not cells but much smaller then one. Like bacteria they can also reproduce rapidly inside the body.

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6
Q

What do viruses do?

A

Viruses live inside the cells and replicate themselves using the cells machinery to produce many copies of themselves

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7
Q

How do viruses make you ill?

A

They cause cells to burst causing cell damage and make you ill

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8
Q

What are fungi?

A

Some fungi are single-celled, other have a body which is made up of Hyphae(thread like structure)

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9
Q

What are hyphae?

A

Hyphae can grow, penentrate human skin and surface if plants, causing diseases

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10
Q

How to Hyphae spread?

A

They produce spores, which can be spread to other plants and animals

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11
Q

How are pathogens spread?

A

Pathogens are spread in:

Water- Some pathogens can be picked up by drinking/bathing in unclean water(eg-Cholera)

Air- Some pathogens can be breathed in by coughing or sneezing(eg- Influenza virus)

Direct contact- By physical contact or touching contaminated surface(eg- Athlets foot)

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12
Q

How is Measles spread?

A

Spread by droplets from an infected persons sneeze or cough

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13
Q

Effects of Measles.

A

People with the disease develop a red skin rash, or signs if fever

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14
Q

What happens if Measles is untreated?

A

The disease can be fatal at times, sometimes leading to pheumonia or brain infection called enceptialitis

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15
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

the virus can be spread by sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids such as blood.

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16
Q

HIV symptoms.

A

HIV is intially causes flu-like symptoms for a few weeks.

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17
Q

How is HIV controlled?

A

HIV can be controlled by antiretrouiral drugs that stop the virus from replicating, that attack the immune system.

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18
Q

Last stage of HIV

A

If the immune system is badly damaged, it s called the last stage of HIV infection or AIDS

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19
Q

What is Tobacco mosalic virus(TMV)?

A

TMV is a virus affected by plants

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20
Q

What does TMV do?

A

It causes a mosaic pattern on the leaves of the plants; parts of the leaves becomes discoloured

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21
Q

What does discoloured leaves mean??

A

Discoloured leaves= no photosynthesis, so the virus affects the growth of the plant

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22
Q

What is Rose black spot?

A

Rose black spot is a fungus that causes purple or black spots to develop on the leaves of rose plants

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23
Q

Effects of Rose black spots?

A

leaves turn yellow and drop off, this means less photosynthesis can happen so the plant doesnt grow very well

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24
Q

How can Rose black spots spread?

A

It can be spread by environment(eg- water or wind)

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25
How do gardeners prevent this?
Gardeners use fungicides by stripping the plant of its affected leaves so it doesnt spread throughout the plant
26
How is malaria caused?
Malaria is caused by a protist, mosquitoes act like vectors passing on the disease by biting
27
Malaria symptoms?
Malaria causes repeating episodes of fever; could be very fatal
28
How is malaria avoided?
People use insecticides and mosquito nets to avoid it.
29
what is Salmonella?
Salmonella is a type of bacteria that causes food poisoning caused by the toxins that the bacteria produces; often got by eating contaminated food eg- chicken
30
Symptoms of Salmonella?
Symptoms of Salmonella are fever, stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea.
31
How to get rid of Salmonella?
Many poultry vaccinate the chickens against Salmonella(control of spread)
32
what is Gonorrhea?
Gonorrhea is a sexually trasmited disease
33
Why is Gonorrhea caused?
It can be caused by unprotected sex or bacteria
34
What are the symptoms of Gonorrhea?
Symptoms are pain when urinating, discharge of yellow or green fluids from the vagina or the penis
35
What was Gonorrhea orginally treated with
Treated with Penicillin
36
What should people do to prevent Gonorrhea?
To prevent it people should use barrier methods such as a condom
37
How can people stop or prevent the spread of disease?
-Being hygenic: use simple hygine methods to prevent the spread of disease(eg- wash you hands) -Destroying vectors: By getting rid of vectors that carry the disease or destroying their habitat -Isolating the infected: Being isolated from people can help stop the spread. -Vaccinatio: Vaccinating people and animals against the disease means they cannot be infect or devlop the disease
38
Ways to fighting diseases?
-Human skin -Stomach acid -Mucus
39
How does human skin help fight the disease?
Human skin stops the pathogen acting as a physical barrier
40
How does stomach acid help fight the disease?
Stomach produces hydrochloric acid, that kills pathogen acting as a chemical barrier
41
Immune system defences(specific & non-specific)
specific- lymphocytes Non specific- Phagocytes
42
What do phagocytes do?
Phagocytes engulf the foreign cell and digest them
43
Process producing antibodies
-Every invading Pathogen have a unique molecules called antigens on its surface -White blood cells, find these foreign cells making their own antibodies to link onto to them and kill it -Antibodies link onto the antigen of the pathogen
44
What are vaccines?
Vaccines are when a person is injected with a new pathogen usually weakened or dead.
45
How do vaccines help the immune system?
Vaccinations help by helping the white blood cells know and recognise the disease and make antibodies in advanced
46
What do painkillers do?
Painkillers help people cope with pain, but not tackle the cause of disease
47
What do anti-biotics do?
Anti-biotics are used to kill thee disease But antibiotics don't destroy viruses
48
The drug producing stages
Discovery---Pre-clinical trials---clinical trials-----licensed drug
49
Who are preclinical trials done on?
They are done on animals such as rats(by law)
50
Who are clinical trials done on?
They are done on healthy volunters and patients
51
What and how is the double blind test conducted?
The double blind test is conducted where neither the patients or the doctor knows who has been given the placebo. All data is peer-reviewed before publication validate its data scientifically
52
why is the double blind test done?
The double blind test is done to make sure the test is unbiased as possible.
53
What is Hybridoma?
A hybrid cell that is an antibody producing lymphocyte and a tumor cell
54
Why do plants suffer deficiency ?
Plants need mineral ions from the soil. If there aren't enough, plants suffer deficiency symptoms
55
Why do nitrates are needed?
Nitrates are needed to make proteins and therefore for growth. A lack of nitrate causes stuned growth
56
Why do magnesium are needed?
Magnesium ions are needed for making chlorophyll, which is needed for photosynthesis. Plants without enough magnesium suffer from cholosis and have yellow leaves
57
Physicals defences of a plant.
-Tough waxy cuticle on leaves, which stops pathogens from entering -Celloulas cell wall -Layers of dead cells that act like a barrier
58
Chemical defences of a plant.
-Some plant produce anti-bacterial chemicals which kill bacteria -Some plant also produce poisons that can deter herbivores
59
Mechanical defences of a plant.
-Thorns and hair stopping animals -Leaves which droop or curl when touched -Mimicry to trick animals
60
Producing antibodies
white blood cells---antibodies---linked on

Biology B3 (1 decks)

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