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Anatomy And Physiology > Biology Basics > Flashcards

Biology Basics Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

What are the three forms of matter?

A

Solid, liquid , gas (chemical elements)

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2
Q

What are the four chemical elements that make up the majority of the body?

A

O - oxygen, H - hydrogen, C - carbon, N - nitrogen

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3
Q

What do trace mineral deficiencies cause?

A

Goitres, spina bifida

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4
Q

What / how much of chemicals are in the body?

A

Oxygen - 61%, carbon - 23%, hydrogen - 10%, nitrogen 2.6%, calcium - 1.4%, phosphorus - 1.1%, others 1%

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5
Q

Acid

A

HCl

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6
Q

Base

A

KOH

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7
Q

Salt

A

KCl

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8
Q

Increasingly acidic

A

0 - 7 pH

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9
Q

Neutral

A

7 pH

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10
Q

Increasingly basic (alkaline)

A

7 - 14 pH

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11
Q

How does the body make use of pH?

A

Differences can be protective, it kills bacteria.
Can help breakdown food, it denatures proteins into unusable substances

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12
Q

Sources of acid in our body

A

Stomach, carbonic acid, acid ketones, uric acid, lactic acid

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13
Q

Stomach

A

Acid is produced in our parietal cells

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14
Q

Carbonic acid

A

Produced from CO2

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15
Q

Acid ketones

A

Produced when fat is metabolized

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16
Q

Uric acid

A

Produced by protein metabolism

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17
Q

Lactic acid

A

Produced during anaerobic activity

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18
Q

What can change our bodies pH to make things more acidic?

A

Building up lactic acid, keto-acids, ingesting acids - ASA (metabolic)
Building up carbonic acid (respiratory)

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19
Q

What can change our bodies pH to make it more alkaline?

A

Ridding our body of CO2 (hyperventilation), ingesting antacids (tums, proton pumps inhibitors/H2 blockers)

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20
Q

How can you dilute the bloodstream?

A

Increasing our fluid intake

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21
Q

Cell

A

Smallest living unit (0.1mm in diameter)

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22
Q

Cell theory

A

Building blocks of all plants and animals, all new cells come from division of preexisting cells

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23
Q

What is each cell surrounded by?

A

Plasma membrane

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24
Q

What are the parts of the plasma membrane?

A

Cytoplasm, organelles (membranous, nonmembranous), cytosol

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25
Cytoplasm
Found between cell membrane and nuclear membrane; varying consistency
26
Cytosol
Intracellular fluid, fluid part of the cytoplasm
27
Membranous organelles
Have phospholipid membrane around them
28
Nonmembranous organelles
Not completely enclosed by membranes
29
What makes something living?
Response to stimuli, reproduction, reproduction, respiration or metabolism, anabolism (growth/repair), transport, excretion
30
Metabolism
The sum of all the chemical processes in the body
31
Responsiveness
Body can detect and respond to changes
32
Growth
Increase in body size
33
Differentiation
A development from an immature to mature state or unspecialized to specialized state
34
Reproduction
The formation of new cells or a new organism
35
Basic function of nucleas
Genetic information, assembly of ribosome subunits, structural support
36
Basic function of Ribosomes
Protein synthesis
37
Basic function of endomembrane system
Protein synthesis and processing
38
Basic function of Mitochondria
ATP (energy) production
39
Body fluid distribution
Intracellular - 28L, extracellular - 14L, blood cells - 2L, plasma - 3L
40
Total body mass in female
45% - solids, 55% fluids
41
Total body mass of males
40% - solids, 60% - fluids
42
Membrane permeability
Determines what can leave and enter cytoplasm
43
Freely permeable
Any substance can enter and exit
44
Selectively permeable
Allows some to enter/exit, prevents some from entering/exiting
45
Impermeable
No substances can enter or exit
46
Mechanisms of movement
Permeability is based on size, electrical charge, molecular shape, and lipid solubility. Materials move into and out of cell by passive and active mechanisms
47
Passive mechanisms
Requires no ATP; diffusion, carrier-mediated transport
48
Active mechanisms
Require ATP; carrier-mediated transport, vesicular transport
49
Diffusion
Process of even distribution from random motion
50
Gradient
Uneven distribution produces concentration difference
51
How does an ion or molecule diffuse across the plasma membrane?
Crossing lipid portion of membrane, passing through membrane channel
52
Osmosis
Diffusion of water
53
Osmolarity
The water attracting property of a solution that can be measured and is related to the concentration of dissolved particles in a solution
54
What is the approximate osmotic pressure of the body?
300 mosmol/L
55
What biologically active particles have an osmotic influence?
Proteins, glucose, electrolytes
56
Active transport (carrier-mediated transport)
Movement against concentration gradient using carrier proteins. Requires energy (ATP)
57
Vesicle formation (endocytosis)
Pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis
58
Pinocytosis
Brings fluid and small molecules into cell
59
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Brings specific molecules into cell using receptor molecules on membrane
60
Phagocytosis
Brings solid particles into cell
61
Exocytosis
Moves wastes and secretory products from Intracellular vesicle to outside the cell
62
DNA
In the nucleus, stores instructions for protein synthesis Coil around histones
63
Chromatin
In non-dividing cells, DNA is loosely coiled forming thin filaments
64
What happens at the beginning of cell division?
DNA coils tighten and become more complex and form distinct structures called chromosomes
65
Centromere
The point at which copied chromosomes are held together
66
Chromatid
Duplicated chromosomes
67
How many pairs of chromosomes do somatic cells (body cells) have?
23 pairs
68
In which cells do you expect the numbers of mitochondria to be greatest?
Muscle cells, skeletal, cardiac, liver
69
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death
70
Tumour
A mass produced by abnormal cell growth and division
71
Benign tumor
Cells remain in one place; not cancerous
72
Malignant tumor
Cells divid rapidly; produce chemicals stimulating blood vessel growth
73
Metastasis
Process in which a tumor grows and cells migrate to other areas and establish new tumors
74
What are the 4 types of body tissues?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, neural
75
Epithelial tissue
Covers exposed body surface, lines digestive/respiratory/reproductive/urinary tracts, surrounds internal cavities
76
Connective tissue
Purpose is to connect and attach tissues, can be solid or liquid (tendon or blood), contains specialized cells and extracellular matrix
77
Extracellular matrix
Composed of protein fibres and ground substance, varying consistency (blood - watery matrix, bone - solid matrix)
78
Muscle tissue
composed of cells that have the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts
79
Neural tissue
contains two major cell types, neurons and glial cells

Anatomy And Physiology (12 decks)

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