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Biology- Biodiversity Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

What is the importance of biodiversity

A

maintains and balanced ecosystem as all species are interconnected to one another

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2
Q

why is maintaining biodiversity important

A

important in conservation, informs scientists of the species that are present, its the baseline for species in that area

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3
Q

what causes the effects of changes in environment

A

human activity
disease
climate change

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4
Q

what are the different levels of biodiversity

A
  • habitat biodiversity
  • species biodiversity
  • genetic biodiversity
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5
Q

what is habitat biodiversity

A

number of habitats found within the area, each habitat can support different species, the greater the habitat the greater the biodiversity within that area

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6
Q

what are the two species biodiversity

A

species richness

species evenness

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7
Q

what is species richness

A

the number of different species living in a particular area

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8
Q

what is species evenness

A

comparison of numbers of individuals of each species living in a community

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9
Q

what is genetic biodiversity

A

variety of genes that make up different species, many genes are the same for all individuals within a species , however many genes have different versions (alleles that exist) - leads to genetic biodiversity

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10
Q

what can genetic biodiversity lead to?

A

can lead to different characteristics within a species, it allows for better adaptation to a changing environment, make some individuals resistant to disease

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11
Q

what is sampling

A

taking measurements of a number of individual organisms present in a particular area

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12
Q

what is sampling useful for

A

its an estimate of the number of organisms in an area without having to count them all
can also be used to measure a particular characteristic of an organism

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13
Q

what is random sampling

A

selecting individuals by chance, equal likelihood for selection

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14
Q

how to carry out a random sample 3 steps

A

1- mark out a grid on the grass using two tape measures laid at right angles
2-use random numbers to determine the x coordinate and the y coordinate
3- take a sample at each of the coordinate pairs generated

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15
Q

what is non-random sampling

A

alternate sampling method where the sample is not chosen at random, can be divided into 3 techniques

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16
Q

what are the 3 techniques of non-random sampling

A
  • opportunistic
  • stratified
  • systematic
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17
Q

what is opportunistic sampling

A

Uses organisms that are available there

-weakest form of sampling, doesn’t represent whole population.

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18
Q

what is stratified sampling

A

population divided into a number of different strara (subgroups) based on a characteristic
A random sample is taken from each of these strata.

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19
Q

what is systematic sampling

A

different areas within a overall habitat are sampled separately. Carried out on a line or belt transect

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20
Q

what is a line transect

A

making a line along the ground between two poles and taking samples at specific points

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21
Q

what is a belt transect

A

two parallel lines are marked, samples are taken from the area between the two lines
-provides more information

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22
Q

what is a sampling bias (reliability)

A

selection process may be biased, way to stop this is using no human involvement when choosing a sample area

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23
Q

what is chance (reliability)

A

organisms may be selected by chance, not represented by the whole population. To reduce is can use a large sample size

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24
Q

Example 1: sampling animals

Pooter

A

catch small insects by sucking on a mouthpiece, insects drawn into the chamber via inlet tube. Filter stops the insect going into the mouth

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25
Example 2: tree beating
used to take samples of invertebrates living in a tree or a bush. Large white cloth underneath the tree. Large white cloth stretched out under the tree .Tree is shaken so invertebrates fall out to be collected or studied
26
how are plants usually sampled
using a quadrat, to pinpoint an area for the plants to be collected
27
what are the two types of quadrats
point quadrat | frame quadrat
28
point quadrat
frame with horizontal bar. Set intervals along the bar, long pins can be pushed through the bar to reach the ground. Each species that touches the pin is recorded
29
frame quadrat
consists of a square frame divided into a grid of equal sections. Type, number of species within each section is recorded
30
three types of sampling population (using a quadrat) of plants living in a habitat
- density - frequency - percentage cover
31
density
if plants can be seen clearly, count number of them in 1m by 1m square. Give density per square meter not an estimate
32
frequency
if individual members of species are hard to count. Using a small grid within a quadrat, count number of squares species is in.
33
percentage cover
used to gather data fast, if species is abundant or hard to count. Estimate by eye of area of area within a area within a quadrat
34
how to estimate animal population size
capture-mark-release-recapture, capturing as many organisms in the area as possible. Then marked and then released back to the community. Time allowed for them to redistribute themselves before another sample is collected. Compare number of marked/unmarked organisms can estimate population size
35
what is abiotic
non-living conditions in a habitat,have a direct effect on living organisms.
36
examples of abiotic factors
``` wind speed light humidity pH temperature ```
37
abiotic factors can be measured with sensors, how are they useful?
- Detect rapid changes - Reduce human errors when reading numbers - High accuracy
38
what is the simpsons index theory
measure of biodiversity as it takes into account both species richness and species evenness
39
how do you know if a habitat has high or low biodiversity according to the simpsons scale?
the closer the value is to 1 the more diverse the habitat is
40
characteristics of a high diversity environment
-great number of successful species- more stable ecosystem Environment isn't hostile, more relaxed Complex food webs environmental change will be damaging to ecosystem as a whole
41
characteristics of low species diversity environment
fewer successful species in the environment Environment is stressful, fewer organisms adapted to that environment simple food webs
42
what needs to happen in order for genetic biodiversity to increase?
number of possible alleles in a population must increase
43
factors that enable the population to increase | 1- mutation
mutations in the DNA, creating new allele
44
factors that enable the population to increase | 2-interbreeding
interbreeding between different populations. Individual migrates from one population and breeds with another. Alleles transferred between two populations-known as gene flow
45
what happens if genetic biodiversity decreases
number of possible alleles in a population must also decrease
46
what can the decrease of genetic biodiversity occur through? 1-selective breeding
selective breeding, few selected for advantageous characteristics and bred
47
captive breeding?
zoos and conservation centres, small number animals available for breeding.
48
natural selection?
species will evolve to contain alleles which encode for advantageous characteristics. Over time less advantageous characteristics will be lost from the population
49
genetic bottle necks?
few individuals within population survive an event/change, reducing gene pool. Only alleles of surviving population pass offspring
50
the founder effect
small number of individuals create a new colony, geographically isolated from the original. Gene pool is small
51
how to measure genetic biodiversity?
measuring polymorphism
52
what are polymorphic genes
genes that have more than one allele
53
what are monomorphic genes
gene only has 1 allele
54
formula for polymorphic gene loci
proportion of polymorphic gene loci= number of polymorphic gene loci (divided) by the total number of loci
55
what does locus mean
position of the gene on a chromosome
56
3 factors affecting biodiversity
- deforestation - agriculture - climate change
57
what is deforestation
permanent removal of trees to provide wood for building or fuel/ create space for roads, building and agriculture
58
what is agriculture
More land needs to be cleared to feed the growing population. Then they plant a single crop (monoculture)
59
what is climate change
release of co2 and pollutants from burning fossil fuels increases temperatures
60
how does deforestation affect biodiversity
- reduces number of trees in area - species diversity reduced - animals forced to migrate to other areas to survive. Might increase the biodiversity in other regions
61
How does the use of pesticides reduce biodiversity in the area
Pesticides kill pests that would eat the crops. Reduces species diversity as it kills off pests (insects) and destroying food source for other organisms
62
How do herbicides reduce biodiversity
used to kill weeds, plants diversity is reduced, removal of important food sources
63
how does monoculture reduce biodiversity
farms specialise production of only one crop, many acres of land to grow one type of species. Lowers biodiversity, animal species will only have one type of food source.
64
How will biodiversity be affected by climate change?
- melting of polar icecaps can lead to extinction of plants and animal species. Animals forced to migrate north to new conditions that suit them. - rising sea levels from melting icecaps and thermal expansion of oceans could flood areas/habitats - higher temperatures and less rainfall would affect plant species making xerophytes more dominant, food source is also reduced for animals that feed on them
65
3 reasons for maintaining biodiversity
- aesthetic - economic - ecological
66
what is the aesthetic reason for maintaining biodiversity
- presence of plants and natural habitats are calming/therapeutic for people - heals people - provides inspiration for people
67
what is the economic reason for maintaining biodiversity
- soil erosion and desertification man occur because of deforestation. Reduce countries ability to grow crops and feed people can lead to resource and economic dependence on other countries - deforestation can lead to extinction of plant species that can be medically /chemically useful. - areas with biodiversity are attractive can attract tourism to the area which will increase economy - continuous monoculture results in soil depletion-reduction of diversity of soil nutrients. Happens because crop is using same soil year after year-makes ecosystem more fragile Crops will be weaker so more expensive pesticides need to be used
68
what is a ecological reason for maintaining biodiversity
- organisms are dependent on each other for survival, removal of one species may have a significant affect of another. For e.g food source may be lost - some species may play a key role in structure of the community (ketone species). Large effect on the environment. Determine species evenness and richness. when they are removed habitat is drastically changed
69
what is a keystone species
species that are important in maintaining the structure of a ecological community. Large effect on the environment.
70
what is conservation
preservation and careful management of the environment. organisms chance of survival are maintained allowing them to reproduce
71
2 ways of conserving biodiversity
- in situ | - ex situ
72
what is in situ conservation
within natural habitat maintains their genetic diversity and evolutionary adaptations, can continually adapt to environmental changes as they're still living within their habitat. -cheaper than ex situ conservation
73
what is ex situ conservation
out of natural habitat
74
how do botanic gardens help with maintaining biodiversity
plant species can be grown, they're managed and given resources to grow (soil nutrients , sufficient watering)
75
how do seed banks help with maintaining biodiversity
example of a gene bank, store of genetic material. Stored so that new plants can be grown in the future. they are dried and stored at low temperature so they slow down the chance to germinate. Provide a backup against extinction of plants.
76
how do captive breeding programmes help maintain biodiversity
produce offspring of species in human controlled environments. Managed by zoos, aquatic centres. create a stable, healthy population of species and then slowly reintroduce them back into the environment. create stable shelter , abundant supply of food and absence of predators.
77
how can maintaining genetic diversity within a breeding problem be difficult? how can we overcome this?
only small number of breeding partners available, problems with interbreeding can occur. to overcome this international catalogue is maintained. artificial insemination can also occur

Biology Transport systems in plants (7 decks)

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