biology - biotechnology Flashcards
(12 cards)
What are microorganisms and why are they useful?
Microorganisms are tiny living organisms, such as bacteria and fungi.
They are useful in food production, medicine, biotechnology, and environmental management due to their ability to carry out biological processes efficiently.
What is genetic engineering?
Genetic engineering means changing the DNA of a living thing. Scientists can add new genes to give it special abilities, like disease resistance.
How is yeast used in food and drink production?
Yeast is used in baking to make bread rise through fermentation (producing carbon dioxide)
Brewing to produce alcohol through anaerobic respiration (fermentation).
glucose→ethanol+carbondioxide
How are bacteria used to make yogurt and cheese?
Special bacteria turn the milk sugar (lactose) into lactic acid. This thickens the milk and gives yogurt and cheese their sour taste and texture.
What are genetically modified (GM) crops?
- technology that involves inserting DNA into the genome of an organism
- GM crops have had their DNA changed to grow better.
- They might resist insects, grow faster, or need less water or chemicals.
What is biotechnology and how are enzymes used?
Biotechnology uses living things (like microorganisms and enzymes) to make products.
Enzymes speed up reactions, such as breaking down stains in washing or helping make food.
What are biological washing powders and how do they work?
These washing powders have enzymes that break down stains like fat, protein, and starch. They work well even in cool water, saving energy.
What is pectinase and how is it used in fruit juice production?
Pectinase is an enzyme that breaks down pectin in fruit. This helps release more juice and makes it clearer and easier to filter.
What is lactase and how is it used to make lactose-free milk?
Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down lactose (milk sugar). It’s added to milk for people who are lactose intolerant, so they can drink it without feeling ill.
Why Bacteria Are Used in Biotech and Genetic Engineering
- Shared genetic code:
- Rapid reproduction
- Fewer ethical concerns
Production of Penicillin by Penicillium Fungus
*Penicillium fungus is grown in large fermenters.
*Under controlled conditions (with specific nutrients and oxygen), it produces penicillin.
*The penicillin is then extracted and purified for medical use as an antibiotic.
Pros and Cons of GM crops
Advantages:
*Higher yields (e.g. pest-resistant maize).
*Can grow in difficult conditions (e.g. drought-resistant rice).
*Reduced need for chemical pesticides.
*Can be made more nutritious (e.g. golden rice with vitamin A).
Disadvantages:
*Potential impact on biodiversity.
*Risk of cross-breeding with wild plants.
*Some consumers worry about long-term health effects.
*Ethical concerns and resistance from some communities.
