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🤯🔫 > Biology Cell Bio > Flashcards

Biology Cell Bio Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the cell membrane and where is it found

A

Is selectively permeable and controls what molecules can enter and leave the cell
Found in animal plant fungal bacterial cells

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2
Q

Cell wall’s function and place

A

Found only in plant cells. Made of cellulose, it gives strength and support to the plant cells
Found in plants, fungal and bacterial cells

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3
Q

What is the function and place of the mitochondrion

A

Site of aerobic respiration and ATP production
Found in animal plant and fungal cells

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4
Q

What is the function and place chloroplast

A

Contains pigment chlorophyll to trap light energy, site of photosynthesis.
Found in green plant cells

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5
Q

What is the vacuole’s function and place

A

Contains cell Sap, maintains the cell and found in green plants and fungal cells

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6
Q

What is the ribosomes function and place

A

Site of protein synthesis and found in animal plant fungal and bacterial cells

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7
Q

What is the plasmids function and place

A

It is a small ring of DNA that is separate from the chromosomal DNA within a cell and found in bacterial cells

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8
Q

What is cytoplasms function and place

A

It is the site of chemical reactions and found in bacterial cells

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9
Q

What organelle do fungus cells not have

A

Chloroplasts

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10
Q

What is the fungi cell wall not composed of

A

Cellulose

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11
Q

What are the 3 microbes

A

Fungi, bacteria and viruses

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12
Q

What is genetic engineering

A

It is when genetic information can be transferred from one cell to another

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13
Q

What are the 5 stages GE

A

1) identify section of DNA that contains required gene from source chromosome
2)Extract the required gene from the chromosome
3)Extracted plasmid from bacterial cell is cut open
4)insert required gene into the bacterial plasmid
5)insert the plasmid into a hose bacterial cell to produce a GM organism

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14
Q

How are enzymes used in GE

A

They are used to:
•cut open the plasmid
•seal the required gene into the plasmid

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15
Q

What is respiration

A

It is when chemical energy is released through a series of enzyme-controlled reactions called respiration

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16
Q

What is the function and place of the nucleus

A

Controls cell activities
Found in animal plant fungal cells

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17
Q

What are cell walls made out of in plant cells

A

Cellulose

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18
Q

What is the cell membrane made of

A

Phospholipids and proteins

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19
Q

What is passive transport

A

It occurs DOWN a concentration gradient from a higher concentration to a lower one and doesn’t require energy. Examples are diffusion and osmosis

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20
Q

What is the requirement for osmosis

A

It has to be water

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21
Q

What can animal cells be

A

They can burst or shrink

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22
Q

What can plant cells

A

They can be turgid or plasmolysed

23
Q

What is active transport

A

Requires energy for membrane proteins to move molecules and ions against the concentration gradient

24
Q

What is DNA

A

DNA is the carrier of genetic information for making proteins

25
Q

What shape is DNA

A

a double stranded helix held by complimentary pairs

26
Q

What are the 4 bases of DNA

A

adenine(A) cytosine(C) guanine(G) thymine(T)

27
Q

What are the DNA pairings

A

C is always with G
A is always with T

28
Q

What does the DNA sequence determine

A

Amino acid sequence in proteins

29
Q

What is a gene

A

It’s a section of DNA which codes for a protein

30
Q

What is messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

It’s a molecule which carries a complimentary copy of the genetic code from the DNA to a ribosome

31
Q

What is assembled at the ribosome

A

Proteins from amino acids

32
Q

What do enzymes function as

A

Biological catalysts and are made by all living cells

33
Q

What is the active site to the substrate

A

Complementary to its specific substrate

34
Q

What reactions are enzymes involved in

A

Degradation and synthesis reactions

35
Q

When is an enzyme most active

A

In optimum conditions

36
Q

What are limiting factors at can denature enzymes

A

pH and temperature

37
Q

For respiration the Chemical energy is stored in what

A

Glucose and for respiration to occur the chemical energy must be released by all cells

38
Q

After the Chemical energy is released by all cells the chemical energy does what

A

It is released through a series of ENZYME CONTROLLED reactions called respiration

39
Q

When in respiration energy is real from the breakdown of glucose to generate what

A

ATP

40
Q

The energy transferred by ATP can be used for cellular activities such as

A

•muscle cell contraction
•cell division
•protein synthesis
•transmission of nerve impulses
•active transport

41
Q

In respiration glucose is broken down to 2 molecules of

A

Pyruvate

42
Q

After the 2 molecules of pyruvate is attained there is a release of enough energy to yield…

A

Two molecules of ATP

43
Q

Further break down of energy in respiration depends on the

A

Presence or absence of oxygen

44
Q

In respiration if oxygen is present aerobic respiration occurs which in each pyruvate molecule is broken down into:

A

Carbon dioxide and water, releasing enough energy to yield MANY ATP molecules

45
Q

In the absence of oxygen what takes place

A

Fermentation takes place

46
Q

In animal cells the pyruvate molecules are converted to…

A

Lactate

47
Q

In plant cells, pyruvate molecules care converted to…

A

Carbon dioxide and ethanol

48
Q

The breakdown of each glucose molecule via fermentation it yields only the initial…

A

Two molecules of ATP

49
Q

Respiration begins in the

A

Cytoplasm

50
Q

The process of fermentation is completed in

A

The cytoplasm

51
Q

Aerobic respiration is completed in

A

The mitochondria

52
Q

When referring to an enzyme reactions you say

A

Enzyme ACTIVITIES

53
Q

What is the stomata

A

It is a collection of tiny pores where water finally leaves from

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