Biology Ch. 33: Vegetative Organs of the Vascular Plant Body

Question 1

primary growth

Answer 1

growth that occurs due to apical meristems

Question 2

apical meristem

Answer 2

clumps of self-perpetuating tissue at the tips of their buds, stems, and roots

Question 3

zone of cell division

Answer 3

root apical meristem and the actively dividing cells behind it
merges into the zone of elongation
cells of apica meristem segregate into three primary meristems
-procambium
-ground meristem
-protoderm

Question 4

zone of elongation

Answer 4

most of the increase in a root’s length comes about here as cells become longer as their vacuoles fill with water
-“hydraulic” elongation

Question 5

zone of maturation

Answer 5

cells do not increase in length but they may differentiate further and take on specialized roles

Question 6

taproot system

Answer 6

single main root adapted for storage
roots branch off the tap root
diameter increases as main root grows downward

Question 7

fibrous root system

Answer 7

adapted to absorb water and nutrients from the upper layers of soil
spread out laterally from the base of the stem
hold topsoil in place and prevent erosion

Question 8

casparian strip

Answer 8

found in root endodermal cells
impreganted with suberin
positioned like a band of packing material around the contents of a package

Question 9

endodermis

Answer 9

thin, selectively permeable barrier that helps control the movement of water and dissolved minerals in the stele
has a casparian strip in its radial and transverse walls

Question 10

pericycle

Answer 10

between the stele and endodermis
one or more layers of parenchyma cells that can still function as meristems
give rise to lateral roots

Question 11

root primordium

Answer 11

rudimentary roots
arise at specific sites in the pericycle
give rise to lateral roots

Question 12

vascular cylinder

Answer 12

also called the stele
runs vertically
pith inside, cortex outside

Question 13

root cap

Answer 13

surrounds and protects the meristem as the root elongates through the soil
cap cells secrete a polysaccharide-rich substance that lubricates the tip and eases the root’s passage through the soil

Question 14

root hair

Answer 14

trichomes
found in zone of maturation
found in epidermis
greatly increase the plant’s absorptive surface
slender tube with thin walls made sticky by a coating of pectin

Question 15

prop roots

Answer 15

found in mangrove trees and corn

adventitious roots that develop from the shoot node nearest the soil surface

Question 16

secondary tissue

Answer 16

tissues we know as wood and bark

Question 17

secondary growth

Answer 17

woody layers of xylem and phloem
begin to grow once initial, primary plant body forms
add girth to roots and stems over two or more growing seasons

Question 18

lateral meristem

Answer 18

produce secondary growth

Question 19

vascular cambium

Answer 19

undifferentiated cells between the primary xylem and phloem that give rise to a cylinder of vascular cambium that encircles the xylem and pith of the stem
2 types of initials (dividing cells in a meristem)
-one produces secondary xylem and phloem
-the other produces rays

Question 20

cork cambium

Answer 20

type of lateral meristem

produces cork, a secondary epidermis that is a major ingredient in bark

Question 21

periderm

Answer 21

consists of cork, cork cambium, and secondary cortex
contain lenticels
-permit exchanges of oxygen and CO2 between the living tissues and outside air

Question 22

bark

Answer 22

tissues sandwiched between the vascular cambium and the stem surface
-includes the secondary phloem and periderm
add girth to roots and stems over two or more growing seasons

Question 23

“normal” functions of a root

Answer 23

anchoring into the substrate
absorbs water and dissolved minerals from soil
stores carbohydrates
provides structural support for a plant’s upright parts

Question 24

how are storage roots modified?

Answer 24

larger, thicker

-single main root in a taproot system

Question 25

how is a velamen root modified?

Answer 25

spongy, multiple epidermis that covers some roots, such as that of the orchid helps absorb nutrients protects roots

Question 26

how are prop roots modified?

Answer 26

adventitious roots help brace the plant supply water and minerals when the radicle (embryonic root) dies

Question 27

how is a pneumatophore modified?

Answer 27

specialized aerial roots that enable plants to breathe air in habitats that have waterlogged soil

Question 28

be able to sketch a c.s. of a dicot root and a l.s. of a root tip

Answer 28

SKETCH

Question 29

where do branch roots arise?

Answer 29

from the pericycle, which is between the stele and endodermis

Question 30

shoot

Answer 30

the main stem or leaves | includes flowers in angiosperms

Question 31

apical dominance

Answer 31

terminal buds release a hormone that inhibits the growth of nearby lateral buds

Question 32

bud primordia

Answer 32

NO IDEA

Question 33

leaf primordia

Answer 33

group of cells that will form into new flowers

Question 34

bud, bud scale

Answer 34

bud scale - modified. nonphotosynthetic leaves that form around the apical meristem and insulate it from the elements - most cell metabolic activity shuts down and the leaf bud becomes dormant when this happens - covers the terminal bud and embryonic leaves of a plant during winter

Question 35

terminal bud

Answer 35

occurs at the apex of each stem | release a hormone that inhibits the growth of nearby lateral buds (apical dominance)

Question 36

node

Answer 36

where one or more leaves attach to a stem (axillary bud attachment) between stem and offshoot -meristematic tissue is located there

Question 37

internode

Answer 37

area between two nodes | internode cells below the apical meristem divide and elongate to grow

Question 38

axil

Answer 38

upper angle between the stem and an attached leaf

Question 39

pith

Answer 39

ground tissue (parenchyma) that is inside the stele

Question 40

cortex

Answer 40

ground tissue that is outside the stele

Question 41

vascular bundle

Answer 41

multistranded cords of primary xylem and phloem wrapped or capped by sclerenchyma thread lengthwise through the parenchyma, forming a stele

Question 42

herbaceous

Answer 42

plants that show little or no significant woody tissue term given to angiosperms mature and reproduce quickly, with a relatively small investment of energy and other resources

Question 43

lenticel

Answer 43

``` tubular openings that develop in periderm function lke snorkels, permitting exchanges of oxygen and CO2 between the living tissues and the outside air ```

Question 44

leaf scar

Answer 44

found in ginkgophyta called a spur shoot left when an axillary bud begins to grow and produces leaves that don't get very big and die in the winter

Question 45

what are the "normal" functions of a stem?

Answer 45

make leaves orient leaves support leaves transport provide mechanical support for body parts involved in growth, photosynthesis, and reproduction house the vascular tissues often are modified to store water and food have specific stem regions that contain meristematic tissue, which gives rise to new cells of the shoot

Question 46

what are the "normal" function of a leaf?

Answer 46

``` photosynyhesis get C get energy hegulate water loss transport ```

Question 47

tendril modification

Answer 47

leaf modification | help to support the climbing plant's stem

Question 48

tuber modification

Answer 48

stem modification | enlarged by the presence of starch-storing parenchyma cells

Question 49

cladophyll

Answer 49

petioles become flattened and widened and the true leaves become reduced or vanish altogether can be thick, allowing the plant to survive harsh conditions

Question 50

rhizome

Answer 50

long underground stem that extend into the soil and rapidly produce new shoots when existing ones are pulled out

Question 51

runner (stolon)

Answer 51

stem modification slender stems which grow along soil surface used for reproduction strawberries

Question 52

corm

Answer 52

stem modification | starch-storage adaptation

Question 53

thorn

Answer 53

leaf adaptation | used for protection

Question 54

bulb

Answer 54

stem modification modified shoot that consists of a bud with fleshy leaves starch storage

Question 55

blade (lamina)

Answer 55

provides a large surface area for absorbing sunlight and carbon dioxide

Question 56

petiole

Answer 56

where the blade narrows | attaches the leaf to a stem

Question 57

stipules

Answer 57

outgrowths borne on either side of the base of a petiole part of the anatomy of a typical flowering plant -can be inconspicuous or entirely absent

Question 58

simple leaf

Answer 58

one leaf per axillary bud

Question 59

compound

Answer 59

more than one leaf per axillary bud

Question 60

pinnate

Answer 60

leaves arranged along the main or mid-vein

Question 61

palmate

Answer 61

leaves radiating from the end of the petiole

Question 62

sessile

Answer 62

unable to move from one place to another

Question 63

sheath

Answer 63

layer of cells that protects a meristem (radicle) as it grows

Question 64

leaflet

Answer 64

in compuond leaves | name for the division of the blade

Question 65

mesophyll

Answer 65

below epidermis in leaves ground tissue composed of loosely packed parenchyma cells that contain chloroplasts also contains collenchyma and sclerenchyma to support the leaf blade

Question 66

palisade mesophyll

Answer 66

contain more chloroplasts and are arranged in compact columns with smaller air spaces between them typically toward the upper leaf surface

Question 67

spongy mesophyll

Answer 67

toward underside of leaf | irregularly arranged cells with a conspicuous network of air spaces that gives it a spongy appearance

Question 68

veins

Answer 68

carry the xylem and phloem in leaves

Question 69

bundle sheath

Answer 69

layer of cells that surrounds a vascular bundle

Question 70

abscission zone

Answer 70

in deciduous trees separation zone formed at the base of the petiole allows the leaf to be shed

Question 71

succulent

Answer 71

plants having parts that are more than normally thickened or fleshy usually to retain water

Question 72

leaf modification water storage

Answer 72

succulent | -thick, fleshy leaf

Question 73

leaf modificationfood storage

Answer 73

bulb is made of leaves

Question 74

spine

Answer 74

defense against grazing by herbivores | cactus leaves

Question 75

insect traps

Answer 75

found in areas where there is a shortage of nitrogen

Question 76

hydrophyte vs. xerophyte vs. mesophyte

Answer 76

hydrophyte -aquatic plants that have adapted to living in aquatic habitats xerophyte -plant that has adapted to live in an environment with little water mesophyte -terrestrial plants that are adapted to neither a wet or dry habitat

Question 77

leaf scar vs. bud scale scar

Answer 77

leaf scar -mark left by a leaf after it falls off bud scale -produced when the modified leaves (scales) that protect the bud fall off

Question 78

alternate leaves vs. opposite leaves vs. whorled leaves

Answer 78

``` alternate -a single leaf attached at a node opposite -two leaves attached at a node -whorled -3 or more attached at a node ```

Question 79

shoot primordia

Answer 79

created by apical meristem | bulges that are the first developmental stages of leaves, additional shoots, and reproductive structures such as flowers

Question 80

what do tubers, rhizomes, and corms have in common?

Answer 80

meristematic tissue at nodes from which new plants can be propagated - vegetative (asexual) reproduction mode