Biology Ch. 4 Flashcards
(67 cards)
Pathway of Air
Nose/mouth
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
In Alveoli, O2 and CO2 are passed by:
Simple Diffusion
Respiratory Control
Medulla oblongata (medulla)
Chemoreceptors measure H+ concentration.
Peripheral chemoreceptors also monitor in the carotid arteries and aorta.
Respiratory System:
Goblet cells
Basal cells
Cilia cells
G: secrete mucus
B: produce new cells
C: sweep debris trapped by mucus.
Most efficient respiratory organ:
Gills in fish via countercurrent exchange
Main buffer molecule in blood
Bicarbonate
Catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase.
Also transports CO2 in blood.
Shifts in the O2-Hemoglobin Association Curve
Left: oxygen held more tightly.
Right: oxygen held loosely; physiological conditions where tissues need more oxygen.
Increase in CO2, Acid, 2,3DPG, Exercise, and Temp cause right shifts.
Systole vs. Diastole
S: heart contracts.
D: heart relaxes.
Cardiac Output
Stroke Volume x Heart Rate
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Arteries: thick walls, lots of smooth muscle, elastic.
Arterioles: smooth muscle, major determinant of BP.
Capillaries: single layer of endothelial cells, play role in Temp regulation and BP.
Venules: smallest vein components, very thin and porous.
Veins: Same layers as arteries but much thinner walls; have valves to prevent backflow.
Precapillary Sphincter
Regulates passage of blood into capillaries based on need.
Ex: less blood flow to skeletal muscles when relaxing.
Ductus Venosus
Foramen Ovale
Ductus Arteriousus
DV: bypasses liver.
FO: hole between atria to bypass lungs.
DA: another opportunity to bypass lungs, connects pulmonary artery to aorta.
Universal Donor/Recipient
Donor: O-
Recipient: AB+
Clotting Cascade
Injury that exposes broken BV wall.
Collagen attracts platelets (platelet plug).
Platelets trigger enzyme cascade that converts prothrombin to thrombin (+FB).
Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which reinforces the platelet plug to form a clot.
Central Lymphoid Tissue
Can replenish lymphocytes.
Thymus: T cell maturation.
Bone marrow: produces lymphocytes.
Peripheral Lymphoid Tissues
Can’t replenish lymphocytes.
Lymph Nodes: contain leukocytes that filter lymph and initiate immune response.
Spleen: filters blood.
Adenoids: inspect food and air for pathogens.
Appendix: destroys bacteria before they breach intestinal wall.
Peyer’s Patches: aggregates of lymphoid tissue in the ileum.
Right Lymphatic Duct
Thoracic Duct
RLD: drains upper right area into jugular vein.
TD: drains rest of body into subclavian vein.
Lacteals
Lymph capillaries in digestive system.
Absorb emulsified fats to break down and send into circulation.
Loop of Henle
Descending loop: permeable to water; water leaves which increases the solute concentration.
Ascending loop: impermeable to water; NaCl gets removed which decreases the solute concentration.
Aldosterone and ADH
Aldosterone: increases Na reabsorption from tubules into bloodstream. Water follows Na out and back into the blood.
ADH: increases collecting duct permeability to water; water is reabsorbed out of the kidney and back into the bloodstream; urine becomes more concentrated.
Types of Stomach Cells (5)
Mucus cells: produce mucus to protect stomach lining.
Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen.
Parietal cells: secrete HCl and Intrinsic Factor.
G Cells: produce gastrin which stimulates parietal cells.
ECL cells: stimulated by gastrin; produce histamine to stimulate parietal cells.
Pancreas (Digestive Functions)
Secretes bicarbonate to neutralize acid.
Proteases: trypsin, chymotrypsin.
Secretes amylase, lipase, and nuclease.
Microbiome
Assist in digestion, immunity, and vitamin synthesis and absorption.
Extended use of ABs can cause vitamin deficiencies.
Gastrin
Stimulates secretion of HCl; triggered by food.
