[Biology] Ch. 7: The Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What are the major components of the cardiovascular system

Answer 1

Four-chambered heart, blood vessels, and blood

Question 2

The heart is composed predominantly of

Answer 2

Cardiac muscle

Question 3

The right side of the heart accepts [ 1 ] blood returning from the body and moves it to the [ 2 ] by way of the [ 3 ]

Answer 3

1) deoxygenated 2) lungs 3) pulmonary arteries

Question 4

The left side of the heart receives [ 1 ] blood from the [ 2 ] by way of the [ 3 ] and forces it out to the body through the [ 4 ]

Answer 4

1) oxygenated 2) lungs 3) pulmonary veins 4) aorta

Question 5

What are the two forms of circulation in the heart

Answer 5

Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

Question 6

The atria are [ 1 ] structures where the blood is received from either the [ 2 ] or the [ 3 ]

Answer 6

1) thin-walled 2) venae cavae 3) pulmonary veins

Question 7

What’s the difference between the vena cavae and the pulmonary veins

Answer 7

Venae cavae = deoxygenated blood pulmonary veins = oxygenated blood

Question 8

The atria contract to push blood into the [ 1 ]

Answer 8

Ventricles

Question 9

After the ventricles fill they contract to send blood to the [ 1 ] and [ 2 ]

Answer 9

1) lungs 2) systemic circulation

Question 10

Why are ventricles much more muscular than the atria

Answer 10

To allow for more powerful contractions necessary to push blood through the rest of the cardiovascular system

Question 11

Recite the mnemonic to remember the atrioventricular valves

Answer 11

LAB RAT

• Left Atrium = Bicuspid valve
• Right Atrium = Tricuspid valve

Question 12

What is the name of the valves that separate the ventricles

Answer 12

Semilunar valves

Question 13

The right ventricle feeds into [ 1 ] and the left ventricle feeds into [ 2 ]

Answer 13

1) pulmonary circulation 2) aorta / systemic circulation

Question 14

What are the two valves associated with the ventricles

Answer 14

The pulmonary valve and the aortic valve

Question 15

What are the four electrically excitable structures that coordinate the rhythmic contraction of cardiac muscle (in order)

Answer 15

The sinoatrial node (SA), the atrioventricular node (AV), the bundle of His (AV bundle) and its branches, and the Purkinjie fibers

Question 16

Impulse initiation in the heart doesn’t require [ 1 ]

Answer 16

Neurological input

Question 17

Depolarization from the [ 1 ] causes the two atria to contract simultaneously

Answer 17

SA node

Question 18

Muscle cells in the heart are connected by [ 1 ] which contain many gap junctions directly connecting the [ 2 ] of adjacent cells, thereby allowing for coordinated [ 3 ]

Answer 18

1) intercalated discs 2) cytoplasm 3) ventricular contraction

Question 19

What is the role of neurological input to heart contraction

Answer 19

It’s important in speeding up and slowing down the rate of contraction (but not generating it in the first place)

Question 20

What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic effect on the speed and contractility of cardiac muscle

Answer 20

• Sympathetic = signal speeds up the heart rate and increases contractility
• Parasympathetic = slows down heart beat

Question 21

What is the difference between systole and diastole

Answer 21

• Systole = ventricular contraction, closure of the AV valve, blood pumped put of the ventricles
• Diastole = heart is relaxed, semilunar valves close, blood from the atria fills the ventricles

Question 22

What would happen if large arteries didn’t have elasticity

Answer 22

Diastolic blood pressure would plummet to zero

Question 23

What is cardiac output

Answer 23

It’s the total blood volume pumped by a ventricle in a minute

Question 24

What is cardiac output a product of

Answer 24

Heart rate (beats per minute) * stroke volume (volume of blood pumped per beat)

Question 25

What are the three major types of blood vessels

Answer 25

Arteries, veins, and capillaries

Question 26

Why are all blood vessels lined with endothelial cells

Answer 26

- They help maintain the vessel by releasing chemicals that aid in vasodilation and constriction - Allow white blood cells to pass through the vessel wall and into tissues during inflammatory response - They release certain chemicals when damaged that are necessary in the formation of blood clots to repair the vessel and stop bleeding

Question 27

What is the main structural similarity and difference between veins and arteries

Answer 27

Similarly = made of the same types of cells, difference = smooth muscle and thin veins

Question 28

What are the two kinds of arteries that carry deoxygenated blood

Answer 28

Pulmonary arteries and umbilical arteries

Question 29

Why is the left side of the heart thicker than the right side of the heart

Answer 29

left heart must generate much higher pressure to overcome the resistance from systemic arteries

Question 30

The thin walls of the capillary allows easy diffusion of [ 1 ], [ 2 ], and [ 3 ]

Answer 30

1) gases 2) nutrients (most notably, glucose) 3) wastes

Question 31

Why do larger veins contain valves

Answer 31

As blood flows forward in the veins the valves open and when blood tries to move backward the valves will slam shut

Question 32

What causes varicose veins

Answer 32

When venous valves fails

Question 33

What’s the relation between veins and skeletal muscle

Answer 33

Skeletal muscles squeeze the veins when they contract

Question 34

The superior vena cava returns blood from portions of the body [ 1 ] the heart while the inferior vena cava returns blood from portions of the body [ 2 ] the heart

Answer 34

1) above 2) below

Question 35

By volume blood is [ 1 ] % liquid and [ 2 ] % cells

Answer 35

1) 55 2) 45

Question 36

What is blood plasma

Answer 36

It’s the liquid portion of blood (aqueous mixture of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones, and blood proteins

Question 37

What are the three major cellular components of blood

Answer 37

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

Question 38

Why is there low solubility of molecular oxygen

Answer 38

Because it’s nonpolar

Question 39

What is the benefit of the shape of red blood cells

Answer 39

Help traveling through tiny capillaries + increased surface area for gas exchange

Question 40

Why are red blood cells unable to carry out oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP. Why do they rely mainly on glycolysis for ATP

Answer 40

Because they lose mitochondria when they mature

Question 41

What are erythropoietin and thrombopoietin

Answer 41

Hormones that trigger hematopoiesis

Question 42

What does erythropoietin do and where is it secreted from

Answer 42

- Stimulates red blood cell development | - Secreted by the kidney

Question 43

What does thrombopoietin do and where is it secreted from

Answer 43

- Stimulates platelet development | - Secreted by the liver

Question 44

What do red blood cells display on their surface

Answer 44

Antigens

Question 45

What do people with type O blood express on their cell surface

Answer 45

Nothing; no antigens

Question 46

Which blood type is a universal donor and which type is a universal acceptor

Answer 46

- Universal donor = O blood type (produces antibodies against everything but has no antigens to licit an immune response) - Universal acceptor = AB blood type (makes no antibodies to anything)

Question 47

Rh-positivity follows [ 1 ] inheritance and one positive allele is [ 2 ]

Answer 47

1) autosomal dominant 2) enough for the protein to be expressed

Question 48

When is Rh factor status particularly important

Answer 48

In maternal-fetal medicine

Question 49

What is blood pressure a measure of

Answer 49

force per unit area exerted on the wall of the blood vessels

Question 50

What do you measure blood pressure with

Answer 50

Sphygmomanometer

Question 51

How is blood pressure regulated

Answer 51

Using baroreceptors in the walls of the vasculature

Question 52

Does the cardiovascular system have an effective way of decreasing blood pressure

Answer 52

No

Question 53

Why isn’t atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) effective at lowering blood pressure

Answer 53

It’s a weak diuretic

Question 54

What is oxygen saturation

Answer 54

The percentage of hemoglobin molecules carrying oxygen

Question 55

Why isn’t CO2 carried by hemoglobin

Answer 55

Hemoglobin has a much lower affinity for CO2 than for oxygen

Question 56

What is the main method to carry the CO2 in the blood

Answer 56

As the bicarbonate ion

Question 57

What do right and left shifts in the oxyhemoglobin curve represent

Answer 57

Right shift = decrease in hemoglobin affinity, left shift = increase in hemoglobin affinity

Question 58

How would the fetal hemoglobin graph look compared to the hemoglobin graph

Answer 58

It would be shifted left

Question 59

If there’s a right shift in the hemoglobin curve what would be the implications of that

Answer 59

Decreased affinity of to hemoglobin allows more oxygen to be unloaded at the tissues

Question 60

The bicarbonate buffer system links the [ 1 ] and [ 2 ] system

Answer 60

1) respiratory 2) renal

Question 61

What is hydrostatic pressure

Answer 61

The force per unit area that the blood exerts against the vessel wall

Question 62

What happens when the endothelium of a blood vessel is damaged

Answer 62

It exposes the underlying connective tissue that contains collagen and tissue factor (a protein)

Question 63

When platelets come in contact with [ 1 ] they sense the evidence of injury

Answer 63

Exposed collagen

Question 64

What do platelets do when they sense injury

Answer 64

They release their contents and begin to aggregate/clump together

Question 65

What is the endpoint of the coagulation cascade

Answer 65

The activation of prothrombin to form thrombin by thromboplastin

Question 66

[ 1 ] converts fibrinogen into fibrin which ultimately forms [ 2 ], like a net, that captures red blood cells and other platelets forming a stable clot over the area of damage

Answer 66

1) Thrombin 2) small fibers that aggregate and cross link into a woven structure

Question 67

What does plasmin do

Answer 67

degrades many blood plasma proteins, including fibrin clots