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ICSE > Biology Ch1 > Flashcards

Biology Ch1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A thread-like structure composed of DNA and proteins, found in the nucleus, which carries genetic information in the form of genes.

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2
Q

What are the main components of chromosomes?

A
  • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) * Histone proteins * Non-histone proteins
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3
Q

What is chromatin?

A

The diffused, thread-like structure found in the nucleus of a non-dividing cell that condenses during cell division to form visible chromosomes.

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4
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

One of the two identical halves of a chromosome after DNA replication.

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5
Q

What is the function of the centromere?

A

A constriction point where the two chromatids are joined and serves as the point of attachment for spindle fibres during division.

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6
Q

What is the telomere?

A

The terminal region of a chromosome that prevents it from sticking to other chromosomes.

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7
Q

What are the arms of a chromosome called?

A
  • Short arm (p) * Long arm (q)
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8
Q

What type of chromosome has a centromere in the middle?

A

Metacentric

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9
Q

What type of chromosome has a centromere slightly off-centre?

A

Sub-metacentric

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10
Q

What is an acrocentric chromosome?

A

A chromosome with the centromere near one end.

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11
Q

What is a telocentric chromosome?

A

A chromosome with the centromere at the end (not found in humans).

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12
Q

What are autosomes?

A

Chromosomes that do not determine sex; humans have 22 pairs.

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13
Q

What are sex chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual; females have XX chromosomes and males have XY chromosomes.

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14
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

The series of events a cell goes through in order to grow and divide.

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15
Q

What are the two main phases of the cell cycle?

A
  • Interphase * M phase
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16
Q

What happens during interphase?

A

Preparation for cell division, including three stages: G₁ phase, S phase, and G₂ phase.

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17
Q

What occurs in the G₁ phase?

A

The cell grows and synthesizes proteins.

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18
Q

What happens during the S phase?

A

DNA replication takes place.

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19
Q

What occurs in the G₂ phase?

A

The cell prepares for mitosis by producing enzymes and duplicating organelles.

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20
Q

What is the M phase?

A

The actual division phase of the cell cycle, including karyokinesis and cytokinesis.

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21
Q

What is karyokinesis?

A

Division of the nucleus.

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22
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, nucleolus disappears, and the nuclear membrane breaks down.

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23
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes align at the equator of the cell, and each chromosome is attached to spindle fibres by its centromere.

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24
Q

What occurs during anaphase?

A

Centromeres split and spindle fibres contract, pulling chromatids to opposite poles.

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25
What happens during telophase?
Chromosomes de-condense into chromatin, nuclear membranes reappear, and two nuclei are present.
26
What is cytokinesis?
Division of the cytoplasm.
27
How does cytokinesis occur in animal cells?
A cleavage furrow forms and deepens to divide the cytoplasm.
28
How does cytokinesis occur in plant cells?
A cell plate forms and develops into a new cell wall.
29
What is mitosis?
Cell division occurring in somatic cells that results in two genetically identical daughter cells.
30
What is the result of mitosis?
Two daughter cells that maintain the chromosome number (diploid to diploid).
31
What is meiosis?
Cell division occurring in germ cells that results in four non-identical daughter cells.
32
What is the result of meiosis?
Four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes (diploid to haploid).
33
What are the two successive divisions in meiosis?
* Meiosis I * Meiosis II
34
What is the role of spindle fibres?
Microtubules that help separate chromatids or chromosomes during cell division.
35
What is a centrosome?
Organelle in animal cells from which spindle fibres originate.
36
What is the definition of a gene?
A segment of DNA responsible for inheritance of a particular trait.
37
What does diploid (2n) mean?
Cell with a complete set of chromosomes (46 in humans).
38
What does haploid (n) mean?
Cell with half the chromosome number (23 in humans).
39
What is a chromosome?
A thread-like structure composed of DNA and proteins, found in the nucleus, which carries genetic information in the form of genes.
40
What are the main components of chromosomes?
* DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) * Histone proteins * Non-histone proteins
41
What is chromatin?
The diffused, thread-like structure found in the nucleus of a non-dividing cell that condenses during cell division to form visible chromosomes.
42
What is a chromatid?
One of the two identical halves of a chromosome after DNA replication.
43
What is the function of the centromere?
A constriction point where the two chromatids are joined and serves as the point of attachment for spindle fibres during division.
44
What is the telomere?
The terminal region of a chromosome that prevents it from sticking to other chromosomes.
45
What are the arms of a chromosome called?
* Short arm (p) * Long arm (q)
46
What type of chromosome has a centromere in the middle?
Metacentric
47
What type of chromosome has a centromere slightly off-centre?
Sub-metacentric
48
What is an acrocentric chromosome?
A chromosome with the centromere near one end.
49
What is a telocentric chromosome?
A chromosome with the centromere at the end (not found in humans).
50
What are autosomes?
Chromosomes that do not determine sex; humans have 22 pairs.
51
What are sex chromosomes?
Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual; females have XX chromosomes and males have XY chromosomes.
52
What is the cell cycle?
The series of events a cell goes through in order to grow and divide.
53
What are the two main phases of the cell cycle?
* Interphase * M phase
54
What happens during interphase?
Preparation for cell division, including three stages: G₁ phase, S phase, and G₂ phase.
55
What occurs in the G₁ phase?
The cell grows and synthesizes proteins.
56
What happens during the S phase?
DNA replication takes place.
57
What occurs in the G₂ phase?
The cell prepares for mitosis by producing enzymes and duplicating organelles.
58
What is the M phase?
The actual division phase of the cell cycle, including karyokinesis and cytokinesis.
59
What is karyokinesis?
Division of the nucleus.
60
What happens during prophase?
Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, nucleolus disappears, and the nuclear membrane breaks down.
61
What happens during metaphase?
Chromosomes align at the equator of the cell, and each chromosome is attached to spindle fibres by its centromere.
62
What occurs during anaphase?
Centromeres split and spindle fibres contract, pulling chromatids to opposite poles.
63
What happens during telophase?
Chromosomes de-condense into chromatin, nuclear membranes reappear, and two nuclei are present.
64
What is cytokinesis?
Division of the cytoplasm.
65
How does cytokinesis occur in animal cells?
A cleavage furrow forms and deepens to divide the cytoplasm.
66
How does cytokinesis occur in plant cells?
A cell plate forms and develops into a new cell wall.
67
What is mitosis?
Cell division occurring in somatic cells that results in two genetically identical daughter cells.
68
What is the result of mitosis?
Two daughter cells that maintain the chromosome number (diploid to diploid).
69
What is meiosis?
Cell division occurring in germ cells that results in four non-identical daughter cells.
70
What is the result of meiosis?
Four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes (diploid to haploid).
71
What are the two successive divisions in meiosis?
* Meiosis I * Meiosis II
72
What is the role of spindle fibres?
Microtubules that help separate chromatids or chromosomes during cell division.
73
What is a centrosome?
Organelle in animal cells from which spindle fibres originate.
74
What is the definition of a gene?
A segment of DNA responsible for inheritance of a particular trait.
75
What does diploid (2n) mean?
Cell with a complete set of chromosomes (46 in humans).
76
What does haploid (n) mean?
Cell with half the chromosome number (23 in humans).

ICSE (3 decks)

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