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Science > Biology Chapter 10 and 11 > Flashcards

Biology Chapter 10 and 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical molecules released directly into the blood.

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2
Q

What do hormones do

A

They control things in particular cells and organs (target organs) that need constant adjustment

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3
Q

Where are hormones made (secreted)

A

Various glands called endocrine glands

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4
Q

What makes up the endocrine system

A

Endocrine glands

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5
Q

What is the role of the pituitary gland (master gland)

A

It produces many hormones that act on other glands directing them to release hormones

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6
Q

What does the thyroid produce

A

Thyroxine

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7
Q

What does thyroxine do

A

It regulates the rate of metabolism, hearts rate and temperature

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8
Q

What does the adrenal gland do

A

Produces adrenaline

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9
Q

What does adrenaline do

A

Prepares the body for a flight or fight response

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10
Q

What do the ovaries do

A

Produce oestrogen to be used in mensural cycle

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11
Q

What do the testes do

A

Produce testosterone which controls puberty and sperm production

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12
Q

What does the pancreas do

A

Produces insulin which is used to regulate the bloods glucose level

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13
Q

If blood glucose levels are too high what is added

A

Insulin

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14
Q

If blood levels are too low what is added

A

Glucagon

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15
Q

What is diabetes

A

When your body can’t control your blood sugar levels

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16
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

The pancreas don’t produce enough insulin, there blood sugar level is too high

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17
Q

Solutions for type one diabetes

A

Insulin injections around meal times

Eat less food that is high in glucose

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18
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Your body cells don’t respond properly to insulin, your blood sugar levels are too high because you are over weight.

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19
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

The monthly release of an egg from a woman’s ovaries

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20
Q

Stages of mensural cycle:

A
  1. Uterus lining breaks down for about 4 days (mensuration starts)
  2. Uterus lining builds up for about 10 days
  3. An eggs develops and is released from the ovaries (ovulation)
  4. The wall is maintained for 14 days, if no fertilised egg lands on it the whole cycle will start again
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21
Q

What hormones control the mensural cycle (FOL P)

A

FSH
LH
Oestrogen
Progesterone

22
Q

Roles of FSH

A

Causes the egg to mature

Stimulates the produce of oestrogen

23
Q

Roles of oestrogen

A

Causes the lining of the uterus to grow

Stimulates the release of LH and inhibits release of FSH

24
Q

Roles of LH

A

Stimulates the release of an egg (ovulation)

25
Q

Roles of Progesterone

A

Maintains the the uterus lining

Inhibits the release of LH and FSH

26
Q

How can oestrogen be used as a contraceptive method

A

because it inhibits the release if FSH so if oestrogen is taken daily the egg won’t mature, then the egg that is released won’t be fertile

27
Q

Examples of hormonal contraception

A

The pill-contains oestrogen and progesterone
Contraceptive patch- contains oestrogen and progesterone, lasts a week
Contraceptive implant- put under skin of arm, releases progesterone, makes it hard for the sperm to reach the egg

28
Q

Non hormonal contraceptive methods (barriers)

A

Condoms
Female condom
Diagram (plastic cap)

29
Q

What hormones can be used to increase fertility

A

LH

FSH

30
Q

What is the process of IVF (in vitro fertilisation)

A

Collecting a woman’s eggs and fertilise them in sperm in a lab
The eggs then grows into embryos in an incubator
Once some of the embryos are tiny balls of cells they are transferred to a woman’s uterus

31
Q

What is ICSI (Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection)

A

Where sperm in injected directly into an egg

32
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Maintaining a stable internal enviroment

33
Q

Why does the inside of your body need to be kept steady

A

Your cells need the right conditions in order to function properly

34
Q

What is a receptor

A

A cell which detects a stimulus

35
Q

What is the role of a coordination centre

A

It receives then processes information then organises a response

36
Q

What is the role of an effector

A

It produces a response which counteracts the change

37
Q

Examples of receptors

A 
Taste receptors (on tongue)
Sound receptors (in ear)

They can form part of a larger, complex organs (e.g. the retina of the eye is covered on light receptor cells)

38
Q

Examples of effectors

A

Muscles (respond by contraction)

Glands (respond by secreting hormones)

39
Q

What is the central nervous system (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cords

40
Q

What is a sensory neurone

A

Neurones that carry information as electrical impulses from receptors to CNS

41
Q

What are motor neurones

A

The neurones that that carry electrical impulses from the CNS to effectors

42
Q

What are effectors

A

All your muscles and glands which respond to nervous impulses

43
Q

What is the order of the nervous system

A

Stimulus~Receptor~Sensory neurone~CNS~Motor neurone~Effector~Response

44
Q

What is a synapse

A

The connection between two neurones

45
Q

What happens at a synapse

A

A nerve signal is transferred by chemicals
They diffuse across the gap
They then set of a new nerve signal to the next neurone

46
Q

What are reflexes

A

Rapid automatic responses to certain stimuli that don’t involve the conscious part of the brain

47
Q

Example of a reflex

A

When a bright light shines in your eyes your pupils go smaller so lees damage is done

48
Q

What is a reflex arc

A

The passage if information in a reflex (receptor to effector)

49
Q

What is the order of a reflex arc

A 
Stimulus
Sensory neurone 
Relay neurone 
Motor neurone
Then it reaches a muscle which contracts
50
Q

What is reaction time

A

How quickly you respond to a stimulus

Science (10 decks)

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