Biology Chapter 44

Question 1

Osmoregulation

Answer 1

regulates solute concentrations and balances the gain and loss of water

Question 2

Excretion

Answer 2

gets rid of nitrogenous metabolites and other waste products

Question 3

Osmolarity

Answer 3

the solute concentration of a solution that determines the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Question 4

Osmoconformers

Answer 4

consisting only of some marine animals, are isoosmotic with their surroundings and do not regulate their osmolarity

Question 5

Osmoregulators

Answer 5

expend energy to control water uptake and loss in a hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic environment

Question 6

anhydrobiosis

Answer 6

An adaptation where some aquatic invertebrates in temporary ponds lose almost all their body water and survive in a dormant state

Question 7

Transport epithelia

Answer 7

are epithelial cells that are specialized for moving solutes in specific directions

Question 8

Key functions of most excretory systems

Answer 8

filtration
reabsorption
secretion
excretion

Question 9

Filtration:

Answer 9

Filtering of body fluids

Question 10

Reabsorption:

Answer 10

Reclaiming valuable solutes

Question 11

Secretion:

Answer 11

Adding nonessential solutes and wastes from the body fluids to the filtrate

Question 12

Excretion:

Answer 12

Processed filtrate containing nitrogenous wastes, released from the body

Question 13

flame bulb

Answer 13

The smallest branches of the network are capped by a cellular unit

Question 14

The osmolarity of urine is regulated by…

Answer 14

nervous and hormonal control

Question 15

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 15

makes the collecting duct epithelium more permeable to water

Question 16

Proximal tubule

Answer 16

filtrate volume decreases, but its osmolarity remains the same

Question 17

Countercurrent multiplier system

Answer 17

allows the vasa recta to supply the kidney with nutrients, without interfering with osmolarity gradien

Question 18

What enzyme does juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) release?

Answer 18

Renin

Question 19

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

Answer 19

part of a complex feedback circuit that functions in homeostasis

Question 20

Renin triggers the formation of what peptide?

Answer 20

angiotensin II

Question 21

Angiotensin II

Answer 21

raises blood pressure and decreases blood flow to the kidneys

Question 22

Aldosterone

Answer 22

increases blood volume and pressure

Question 23

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Answer 23

hormone released in response to an increase in blood volume and pressure and inhibits the release of renin

Question 24

Two primary solutes affecting osmolarity are:

Answer 24

NaCl and urea

Question 25

Urine is hyperosmotic to body fluid. True or False

Answer 25

True

Question 26

The collecting duct carries filtrate through the _____ to the renal pelvis

Answer 26

Medulla

Question 27

What does the distal tubule regulate?

Answer 27

the K+ and NaCl concentrations of body fluids

Question 28

What does the controlled movements of ions contribute to?

Answer 28

pH regulation

Question 29

What does aquaporin proteins form?

Answer 29

Channels where reabsorption of water continues through

Question 30

Where does reabsorption of ions, water, and nutrients take place.

Answer 30

in the proximal tubule

Question 31

What does the filtrate in Bowman’s capsule contain?

Answer 31

salts, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, nitrogenous wastes, and other small molecules

Question 32

Kidneys

Answer 32

excretory organs of vertebrates function in both excretion and osmoregulation

Question 33

Malpighian tubules

Answer 33

remove nitrogenous wastes from hemolymph and function in osmoregulation

Question 34

Metanephridia

Answer 34

consists of tubules that collect coelomic fluid and produce dilute urine for excretion

Question 35

protonephridium

Answer 35

a network of dead-end tubules connected to external openings