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Fall 2022 > Biology Cycle 9 - Phylogenetic Trees > Flashcards

Biology Cycle 9 - Phylogenetic Trees Flashcards

1
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

the science of that identifies, names, and classifies new species and their natural relationships

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2
Q

What is binomial nomenclature? Who invented it?

A

naming species with a two-part scientific name
–> first: genus
–> second: species

Carolus Linnaeus

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3
Q

What is genus?

A

Taxonomic category ranking below a family and above a species

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4
Q

What is a specific epithet?

A

the species name in a binomial

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5
Q

Which species concept did Linnaeus use to name new species?

A

morphological species concept – shared anatomical characteristics

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6
Q

What is a classification?

A

an arrangement of organisms into hierarchical groups that reflect their relatedness

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7
Q

How is the taxonomic hierarchy arranged?

A

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, and subspecies

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8
Q

What is a taxon?

A

organisms included within any category of the taxonomic hierarchy

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9
Q

How do taxon show genetic relatedness?

A

species in the same taxon near the bottom of the hierarchy have more similar characteristics that a taxon near the top

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10
Q

does the taxonomic hierarchy relate to ancestry?

A

organisms in the same genus share a fairly recent common ancestor while organisms in the same class have a more distant ancestor

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11
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

the evolutionary history of a group of organisms

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12
Q

What are phylogenetic trees?

A

a branching diagram depicting the evolutionary relationships of groups of organisms

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13
Q

What is a ROOT on a phylogenetic tree?

A

the common ancestor of all species included in the tree

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14
Q

What is a NODE on a phylogenetic tree?

A

represent a (hypothetical) common ancestor that may be unknown

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15
Q

What is a anagenesis?

A

Gradual evolutionary change that transforms one species into another as its characteristics shift over time

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16
Q

How is anagenesis shown in an phylogenetic tree?

A

Straight line

17
Q

WHAT IS CLADOGENESIS?

A

Ancestral species undergoes speciation producing two descendants that are both distinct form their common ancestor

18
Q

How is cladogenesis represented on a phylogenetic tree?

A

Branching - CLADE

19
Q

Does cladogenesis or anagenesis create biodiversity?

A

Cladogenesis

20
Q

What is a polyphyletic taxon?

A

Group of organisms that belong to different evolutionary lineages and do not share recent common ancestry
Ex. Bats and birds

21
Q

What is a paraphyletic taxon

A

A group of organisms that includes an ancestral species and some but not all of its descendants
Ex. Dinosauria includes birds and non flying relatives

22
Q

What is a character state?

A

One or more forms of a character used in a phylogenetic analysis

23
Q

What is the ANCESTRAL CHARACTER STATE?

A

A trait that was present in the most recent common ancestor
Aka plesiomorphy

24
Q

What is a DERIVED CHARACTER STATE?

A

evolved after the most recent common ancestor of the group
Aka apomorphy

25
Q

What are shared and derived traits?

A

synapomorphy – trait shared by at least two organisms in the group
– this is important for determining evolutionary relationships

26
Q

What are Why are synapomorphies important for phylogenetic trees?

A

they are markers for monophyletic lineages (common ancestry)

27
Q

What is outgroup comparison?

A

identify ancestral and derived characters by comparing the group under study to a more distantly related species that are not otherwise included in the analysis

28
Q

How does outgroup comparison determine if a character is ancestral or derived?

A

if the outgroup has the trait then it is ancestral

29
Q

What is the principle of parsimony?

A

The simplest tree, with the least evolutionary changes, is the most likely

30
Q

What are the two statistical approaches of phylogenetic tree determination?

A

Maximum likelihood - compares the alternative tree with specific models of evolutionary change

Genetic distance - calculates the overall proportion of nucleotide bases that differ among species

31
Q

Are animals at the top of the tree of life?

A

no – all species have evolved and gained complexity for the same amount of time

32
Q

What are the species at the tips or leaves of a tree?

A

species that exist in the present = extant

33
Q

How can you determine if a trait is homologous or due to convergence?

A
  1. structural or developmental similarity is more informative than superficial similarity
  2. use traits that are known to be homologous
  3. use molecular data

Fall 2022 (12 decks)

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