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GCSE Science > Biology: Digestive System etc > Flashcards

Biology: Digestive System etc Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

mouth

A

teeth mechanically break down food
larger surface area for enzyme action

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2
Q

oesophagus

A

connects mouth and stomach

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3
Q

peristalsis

A

how food bolus moves through gut

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4
Q

stomach

A

churns food to break down further and mix
releases proteases and hydrochloric acid- helps to sterilise food
has epithelial cells in stomach lining to stop acid (why bile is needed in s.i.

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5
Q

what makes a effective diffusion surface (in body)

A

large surface area
good blood supply
short diffusion distance

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6
Q

small intestine, what helps this

A

nutrients absorbed into bloodstream (only soluble food molecules)
villi greatly increases surface area along with folded shape

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7
Q

large intestine/colon

A

absorbs water
forms faeces

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8
Q

gut flora- what

A

bacteria in our gut

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9
Q

gut flora purpose

A

break down substances we can’t digest
supply essential nutrients
synthesise (put together) vitamin K
compete with harmful bacteria (restricts their growth)

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10
Q

rectum

A

stores faeces- mainly indigestible food

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11
Q

anus

A

muscle controlled opening out of the body

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12
Q

salivary glands

A

produce amylase
lubricates food bolus for easy swallowing

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13
Q

bile- purpose

A

to emulsify fats
neutralises stomach acid

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14
Q

bile- where produced and stored

A

produced in liver
stored in gall bladder

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15
Q

emulsify fats?

A

break them down into smaller globules so they have more surface area for enzyme action

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16
Q

pancreas

A

produce amylase, protease, lipase

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17
Q

enzyme

A

biological catalyst
made from proteins/amino acids

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18
Q

other things about digestive enzymes

A

work outside body cells
produced by glands
secreted into the digestive tract

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19
Q

pH of oral cavity

A

6.8-7.5

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20
Q

pH of stomach cavity

A

1.5-2.0

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21
Q

duodenum

A

first part of small intestine

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22
Q

pH of duodenum

A

5.6-8

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23
Q

pH of small intestine

A

7.2-7.5

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24
Q

pH of colon

25
difference between simple and complex carbohydrates
complex: longer chains eg starch take longer to digest shorter: opposite eg sugar
26
carbohydrates -> ?? used for what?
glucose- fuel for respiration- to release energy
27
proteins -> ?? used for what?
amino acids- building new proteins for growth and repair, also enzymes and antibodies
28
lipids-> ?? used for what?
fatty acids and glycerol- used to rebuild lipids for use as an energy store insulation protect vital organs and build cell membranes and hormones
29
carbohydrase- where produced, action
saliva -> mouth pancreas -> small intestine small intestine
30
protease- where produced, action
stomach pancreas -> small intestine small intestine
31
lipase- where produced, action
pancreas -> small intestine
32
eg of carbohydrase
amylase
33
eg of protease
pepsin: stomach trypsin: pancreas -> small intestine
34
starch food test
iodine orange/brown blue/black
35
sugar food test
benedict’s light blue green to brick red 85 celsius water bath for 5 mins (this is so solution can get to the same temperature of the water bath)
36
lipid food test
ethanol clear and colourless cloudy emulsion
37
protein food test
biuret blue lilac/purple
38
specificity of enzymes
a substrate can only be binded if it has a complementary shape (enzymes are folded to produce a unique shape)
39
substrate
reactant
40
how is enzyme held together
by forces between amino acids (enzymes are large protein molecules / chains of amino acids)
41
lock and key theory
- substrate temporarily binds to enzymes active site- forms an ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX - bonds broken - enzyme converts substrate into product(s)- forms an ENZYME-PRODUCT COMPLEX products released from enzymes active site- enzyme remains unchanged
42
induced fit theory
shape of enzymes active site and substrate are not complementary when substrate enters active site, a conformational change occurs
43
denatured
when the shape of an enzymes active site is distorted and its substrate can no longer fit (reaction is not catalysed) largely irresversbile
44
enzymes and temperature
low temp: little kinetic energy few successful random collisions more kinetic energy as temp increases, more collisions optimum temp: most successful collisions (37 celsius in human body) active site deforms above that decreasing successful collisions as bonds are broken get to a point where there are no successful collisions
45
enzymes and pH
optimum pH: most successful collisions this value depends on the enzyme moving away: become denatured fewer successful collisions extreme pH: no activity- completely denatured
46
metabolism
sum of all the reactions in a cell/organism
47
examples of synthesis in humans
starch, glycogen, cellulose from glucose proteins from amino acids in ribosomes lipids from fatty acids and glycerol
48
examples of synthesis in plants
glucose from carbon dixode and water amino acids from glucose and nitrate ions
49
anabolic reaction
synthesis reaction
50
catabolic reaction, example
breaking down reaction (big to small) eg digestion cellular respiration (glucose -> water and co2) deamination (excess amino acids -> urea)
51
reactions that happen in plants and humans
respiration and protein synthesis
52
what happens to excess proteins/amino acids
converted to urea- excreted in urine
53
what is the point of digestion
make molecules smaller and SOLUBLE to be absorbed into blood
54
investigating breakdown of starch by amylase: why is it better to measure concentration of starch rather than just if it is present
more accurate, quantitive, less subjective
55
what will happen to enzymes at 80 degrees??
THEY WILL DENATURE AND SO WONT COLLIDE etcetc!! AT ALL.
56
in biology, how to do describe graph questions
PUT DATA FROM GRAPH IN
57
why/how does small intestine absorb nutrients
into blood by active transport
58
what affects metabolic rate
genetics, age, gender, body mass
59
how to determine concentration of solution inside an egg using solutions of water
put egg inside at least 4 solutions of different water potentials, record changes in mass and plot each eggs results on a graph. then see where graph crosses x axis (no change in mass), would tell each eggs concentration)

GCSE Science (7 decks)

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