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Biology Gr 11 > Biology - Diversity Unit > Flashcards

Biology - Diversity Unit Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

What are the stages in the evolution of cells?

A
  1. Abiotic stage - amino acids
  2. Joining of small molecules into polymers like proteins
  3. Packaging of these molecules into protobionts
  4. Origin of self-replicating molecules that eventually made DNA and RNA
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2
Q

What is radiometric dating?

A

A method that measures the decay of radioactive isotopes to determine the age of fossils.

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3
Q

What is the significance of carbon-14 in radiometric dating?

A

Measuring the ratio of carbon-14 to total carbon or nitrogen-14 in a fossil helps determine its age.

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4
Q

What are stromatolites?

A

The oldest known fossils (single-celled prokaryotic) that appeared 3.5 billion years ago and are photosynthetic.

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5
Q

What is the age of the oldest eukaryotic cells?

A

The oldest eukaryotic cells are 2.1 billion years old and resulted from endosymbiosis.

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6
Q

What is endosymbiosis?

A

The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly prokaryotes living within large cells.

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7
Q

What is the age of multicellular eukaryotes?

A

Multicellular eukaryotes are 1.5 billion years old.

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8
Q

What are the size differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic cells are 1-10 μm, while eukaryotic cells are 100-1000 μm.

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9
Q

How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in genetic material?

A

Prokaryotic cells have circular DNA not bound by a membrane, while eukaryotic cells have DNA in a nucleus bounded by a membrane.

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10
Q

How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in cell division?

A

Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission, while eukaryotic cells divide by mitosis or meiosis.

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11
Q

What is the primary mode of reproduction for prokaryotes?

A

Asexual reproduction.

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12
Q

What shapes do prokaryotes commonly display?

A

Spherical (cocci), rod-like (bacilli), and spiral (spirilla).

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13
Q

What is conjugation in prokaryotes?

A

A type of sexual reproduction where one cell transfers its plasmid to another cell via a pilus.

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14
Q

What are the differences in cell walls between bacteria and archaea?

A

Bacterial cell walls are made of peptidoglycan, while archaeal cell walls are not.

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15
Q

What is the role of endospores in bacteria?

A

Endospores protect and store an organism’s genetic material during unfavorable conditions.

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16
Q

What are the beneficial roles of prokaryotes?

A

They help make useful products, act as decomposers, and form mutualistic relationships.

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17
Q

What are harmful effects of prokaryotes?

A

They can cause diseases and produce harmful chemicals.

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18
Q

What is a virus?

A

A virus is a single or double-stranded DNA or RNA surrounded by a protective coat called a capsid.

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19
Q

How do viruses replicate?

A

Viruses infect a host cell, which then manufactures viral components and assembles new viruses.

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20
Q

What are the two cycles of viral replication?

A

Lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle.

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21
Q

What are prions?

A

Infectious proteins that replicate by converting related proteins to prions.

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of protists?

A

All protists are eukaryotic and can be unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic, photoautotrophic, or mixotrophic.

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23
Q

What are the characteristics of kingdom Plantae?

A

Plants possess apical meristems, reproduce by alternation of generations, and produce gametes within multicellular organs.

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24
Q

What are nonvascular plants?

A

Plants like mosses, liverworts, and hornworts that lack a vascular system and grow close to the ground.

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25
What are vascular plants?
Plants that possess vascular tissues (xylem and phloem), roots, and leaves.
26
What distinguishes gymnosperms from angiosperms?
Gymnosperms are flowerless plants with cones, while angiosperms are flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in protective tissue.
27
What are pollen grains and their role in fertilization?
Pollen grains are carried by wind to female cones containing eggs, leading to fertilization and the development of an embryo with a naked seed.
28
What defines angiosperms?
Angiosperms are flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in protective tissue.
29
What are the male and female parts of a flower?
The male part is the stamen (anther producing pollen), and the female part is the pistil (ovary containing eggs).
30
How are pollen grains transported to the pistil?
Pollen grains are carried to the pistil by wind or by insects/birds.
31
What happens after a pollen grain fertilizes an egg?
The plant's ovary matures to become a fruit that encloses the embryo within seeds.
32
What is the life cycle of plants characterized by?
The life cycle of plants is characterized by alternation of generations, with the sporophyte stage being the most visible.
33
What are the characteristics of fungi?
All fungi are eukaryotic, with some being unicellular and most multicellular.
34
What is the body plan of multicellular fungi?
The body plan includes a visible fruiting body, hyphae (thread-like filaments), and a complex branching network called mycelium.
35
What is the difference between fungal and plant cell walls?
Fungal cell walls contain chitin, while plant cells contain cellulose.
36
How do fungi obtain nutrients?
Fungi are heterotrophic and obtain nutrients by releasing enzymes into their surroundings and absorbing the digested nutrients.
37
What are the four ways fungi can obtain nutrients?
Fungi can be parasitic, predatory, mutualistic, or saprobial.
38
How do fungi reproduce asexually?
Fungi reproduce asexually through spore production, budding, or fragmentation.
39
What is budding in fungi?
Budding is when a smaller cell develops while attached to the parent cell and is eventually separated to form a new individual.
40
What is fragmentation in fungi?
Fragmentation occurs when a piece of mycelium breaks off and forms a new individual.
41
How do chytrids reproduce?
Chytrids reproduce asexually via spores that are genetically identical to the parent and have flagella.
42
What is unique about zygospores in Zygomycota?
Zygospores can reproduce sexually when conditions are unfavorable, forming a zygosporangium that undergoes meiosis.
43
What type of mycorrhizae do Glomeromycetes form?
Glomeromycetes form arbuscular mycorrhizae, enhancing water and mineral absorption for plants.
44
How do Sac Fungi (Ascomycota) reproduce?
Sac Fungi reproduce asexually via conidia and can reproduce sexually through the formation of an ascus.
45
What is the process of sexual reproduction in Club Fungi (Basidiomycota)?
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of two haploid hyphae to create a diploid zygote within a basidium.
46
What are the closest relatives to animals?
The closest relatives to animals are Choanoflagellates, which share feeding cell characteristics with sponges.
47
What are the general characteristics of all animals?
All animals are eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, mobile at some life stages, and reproduce sexually.
48
What is the significance of the Cambrian explosion?
The Cambrian explosion marked an acceleration in animal diversification between 542-525 million years ago.
49
What is the role of Hox genes in animals?
Hox genes control cell division and differentiation, resulting in variations in morphology.
50
What are the three types of symmetry in animals?
Asymmetry, radial symmetry, and bilateral symmetry.
51
What is the function of tissues in animals?
Tissues are groups of similar cells specialized to perform specific tasks.
52
What are the three germ layers in triploblastic animals?
Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
53
What is a coelom?
A coelom is a fluid-filled body cavity that aids in movement and allows for complex organ systems.
54
What are the two patterns of embryonic development in animals?
Protostome and deuterostome development.
55
What are the characteristics of Porifera?
Porifera includes sponges, which are asymmetrical, lack true tissues, and are aquatic.
56
What defines Cnidaria?
Cnidaria includes hydrozoans, jellyfish, and corals, characterized by radial symmetry and diploblastic tissue.
57
What are the key features of Platyhelminthes?
Platyhelminthes are bilateral, triploblastic, lack a coelom, and have a gastrovascular cavity.
58
What are the main characteristics of Mollusca?
Mollusca are bilateral, triploblastic, possess a coelom, and have three main body parts.
59
What defines Annelida?
Annelida are segmented, bilateral, triploblastic, and possess a closed circulatory system.
60
What are the characteristics of Arthropoda?
Arthropoda are bilateral, segmented, have jointed appendages, an exoskeleton, and an open circulatory system.
61
What are the key features of Echinodermata?
Echinodermata are radially symmetrical as adults, possess a coelom, and have a water vascular system.
62
What are the defining features of Chordates?
Chordates possess a notochord, a hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal clefts, and a muscular post-anal tail.
63
What distinguishes craniates from other chordates?
Craniates have two clusters of Hox genes, a neutral crest, and a more complex circulatory system.
64
What are the characteristics of vertebrates?
Vertebrates have a backbone, an extensive skull, and lack jaws.
65
What defines gnathostomes?
Gnathostomes are vertebrates with jaws and four clusters of Hox genes.
66
What are the key features of tetrapods?
Tetrapods have four limbs, feet with digits, and can exchange gas through their skin.
67
What are the defining characteristics of amniotes?
Amniotes have an amniotic egg, less permeable skin, and use ribcage ventilation.
68
What are the key features of mammals?
Mammals have mammary glands, hair, efficient respiratory systems, and a large brain.

Biology Gr 11 (2 decks)

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