Biology Ecosystems Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
Radiant energy
A
Light and heat energy from the sun.
2
Q
Habitat
A
The natural environment in which all living organisms live. Also sometimes called a shelter.
3
Q
Population
A
The some species ( of organism ) living in the same environment
4
Q
Ecosystem
A
Made up of all living and non living organism in that environment. The interaction between living organisms as well as between living organisms and abiotic factors.
5
Q
Photosynthesis
A
Radiant energy is converted into potential energy which is stored in food, and oxygen is released.
During photosynthesis, plants use the energy from the sun to produce food
Chlorophyll
Carbon dioxide + water ———> glucose + oxygen
Sunlight
6
Q
Chemical reactions
A
Chemical reactions that take place when two or more compounds react and form a new substance.
7
Q
Photo
A
Light
8
Q
Thesis
A
To make
9
Q
Chlorophyll
A
Green pigment in plant cells that absorb radiant energy.
10
Q
Potential energy
A
Energy that is stored in an object or system
11
Q
Interdependent
A
Two or more things that interact with each other.
12
Q
Variable
A
Any factors that has an impact on the investigation.
13
Q
Independant variable
A
The factor that you will purposely change.
14
Q
Dependant variable
A
The variable that you will measure.
15
Q
Controlled variables
A
Variables that are kept the same.
16
Q
Fair test
A
An investigation where all the variable are controlled.
17
Q
Practical investigation
A
Scientific experiments and tests to find answers and questions.
18
Q
Hypothesis
A
Possible explain anion or answer to the questing you are investigating.
19
Q
How do you carry out a a practical investigation?
A
Step 1: observe the world and ask questions.
Step 2: write a hypothesis.
Step 3: plan your investigation.
Step 4: conduct your investigation and record your findings.
Step 5: analyse your results and draw a conclusion.
Step 6: evaluate your investigation.
20
Q
Respiration
A
Process in cells where glucose is broken down and energy is released.
During respiration, food is broken down and energy is released.
Glucose + oxygen —–> energy + carbon dioxide + water
21
Q
How do you tell if something is living.
A
M- movement
R- respiration
S- stimuli
G- growing
R- reproduction
E- excretion
N- nutrients
22
Q
Ecology
A
The interaction between living thing and with their physical and chemical environment.
23
Q
Ecosystem
A
All the living and non living in an in environment and the different ways in which they interact with each other.
24
Q
Population
A
A group of individuals of the same species living in the same ecosystem.
25
Population
A group of individuals of the same species living in the same ecosystem.
26
Community
The different populations that interact with one another in the same ecosystem
27
Biosphere
```
Largest biological system on earth
All the different areas on earth where life exists
Includes
Lithosphere,
Atmosphere
Biosphere
Hydrosphere
Living organisms, dead decaying
Consists of smaller units called ecosystems
```
28
Biotic factors
Living
- organisms compete
- living organs and thief interactions make up the biotic factors
29
Abiotic
Non-living
| -include: temperature, wind, water, light intensity, soil and slope.
30
The need for energy drives interaction between organisms - explain what this means
Organisms cannot survive by themselves , they need other organisms to survive. Every living thing needs energy and they. Get that energy through interactions with other organisms,
31
Ultimate source of energy
| Provides which energy?
Sun
| Heat and light
32
Three things that the plant needs in order to photosynthesis
Sunlight - chlorophyll in green plants convert radiant energy
Water- roots absorb from soil
Carbon dioxide - absorb from air and release oxygen
33
Equation for photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide +water- chlorophyll =
34
Energy cannot be created or destroyed . Plants convert radiant energy into what kind of energy?
Potential energy stored in the glucose
35
Glucose in plant gets changed into
1.
2.
1. Starch- humans and animals use
| 2. cellulose
36
Why are photosynthesis and respiration opposites?
Respiration - food is broken down and energy is released
| Photosynthesis - energy from sun is used to create food
37
What is the substance that takes part in a chemical reaction called
Reactant
38
Plants that make their own food
Producers
39
Name 4 non living parts of an ecosystem
```
Sunlight
Sand
Wind
Water
Temperature
```
40
For things why animals rely on an ecosystem
Shelter
Food
Breeding space
Hiding from enemies
41
Organisms that eat other organisms is called
Food chain
42
4 different levels at which things are classified in an ecosystem
Ecosystem
Biosphere
Communities
Populations
43
Ecosystem is made up of two parts
Non living - habitat
| Living- community
44
Examples of different ecosystems
```
Forest
desert
grassland
river
coastal
```
45
A system.....
Consists of different parts that work together for a common purpose
46
Examples of interactions between organisms
Pollination of plants by bees and birds
47
Organisms will complete with each other for ....(5)
```
Food
Mates
Space
Light
Water
```
48
7abiotic factors are
```
Temperature
Wind
slope
Soil
Light
Water
Atmosphere
```
49
Temperature affects organisms?
Some organisms survive in very hot, or very cold areas, seasons change temperature, day and night changes temperature. 0-40degrees
50
Wind affect organisms
Pollination, stunt plant growth
51
Water affects organisms
Need to survive
Water recycled through biosphere in water cycle
In dry areas animals and plants adapt
52
Organisms need light...
Photosynthesis,
Some plants grow better in shade, some in full light
Amount of sunlight vary during different seasons
53
Organisms need soil
Sandy, loamy, clay
| Different soils suit different plant growth
54
Slop affects organisms
Slope is how steep the land is.
| Water runs off it causing erosion and making it difficult for plant growth
55
Examples of what can survive and adapt in rapidly changing ecosystems (3)
Why can they adapt quickly?
Rats ,starlings, weeds
Eat a variety of food
Can survive in different environments
56
Organisms can be classified into groups according to what they
Eat
57
what are producers?
Green plants which are able to use photosynthesis to produce their own food - stored as starch in plant
Plants
Algae
58
What are herbivores ?
```
Animals that eat only plants and get their energy from plants
Eg
Aphids
Locusts
Giraffe
Elephant
Sparrows
Cows
```
59
What are carnivores?
Animals that get their energy indirectly from plants through the meat of other animals
Leopards
Ladybirds
Eagles
60
What are omnivores?
```
Animals that eat plants and animals
Eg
Humans
Pigs
Warthogs
Baboons
Some birds that eat insects and seeds
```
61
What are scavengers?
Animals - carnivores that eat meat of dead animals or decaying meat
Vultures,
hyenas
Jackals
62
Insectivores
Carnivores that feed on insects
Aardwolf
Bat eared fox
Pangolins
63
Two kinds of carnivores
Insectivores and scavengers
64
What are deComposers?
```
Organisms that break down or decompose, decaying plants or animals and their wastes eg
Bacteria
Fungi
Millipedes
Beetles
Earthworms
```
65
How are fungi decomposers?
They release chemicals called digestive enzymes into the dead matter which breaks it down into simpler substances
They release nutrients back into the soil
66
How to bread mould work?
Network of strands called hyphae
67
Why Are decomposers important
1. There is a limited supply of materials and nutrients on earth, if they weren't recycled by decomposers they would be lost forever
2 and nutrients would be used up in the earth so that nothing could grow
3Decomposers are important to humans because they decompose human waste and sewerage to produce fertilisers and purified water.
68
Energy from the sun being passed along to other living things is called
The food chain
69
What do food chains show?
Food chains show the relationship between living things.
A food chain always starts with the producer
And ends with a decomposer which puts nutrients into the soil
70
What do the arrows show on a food chain
The direction of the energy flow
71
What are food webs?
A group of food chains connected together
72
What is a trophic level?
Each step or stage in a food chain is a trophic level
73
First trophic level
Second trophic level
Third trophic level
First trophic level- producers
Second trophic level- herbivores / primary consumers
Third trophic level - omnivores/ herbivores tertiary consumers
74
Each consumer depends on.......for energy
The trophic level below it
75
Why is only 10%of the energy from the trophic level transferred to the next level?
90% of the energy is used by the animal for reproduction/ respiration/ movement/ heat
76
Which trophic level contains the most energy?
The producer
77
Why is there less energy available at the top of the trophic pyramid
Because energy is lost in each level and 90% is used up by each organism
Only a small portion of energy is stored and passed onto the next trophic level
78
What does balance in an ecosystem mean?
The number of organisms an ecosystem can support depends on the resources in that ecosystem
Food
Shelter
Water
If there are lots of resources the ecosystem can support many individual and large populations
79
Balance in an ecosystem can be affected by:
Natural factors
| Human factors
80
Natural factors that affect balance in ecosystem
Fire
Weather- floods droughts
Climate change- sudden temp change
81
Human disruptions to ecosystem
Pollution
| Poaching
82
Pollution define
The harm done when toxic materials or substances are released into the environment - usually by humans
83
What are some pollutants ?
```
Household or industrial waste
Plastic
toxic chemicals from factories
Smoke and gases
Chemical fertilisers
Acid rain
Thermal pollution
```
84
What is acid rain?
When fossil fuels (sulphur dioxide )are released into the atmosphere it dissolves in rain and makes sulphuric acid droplets
Damages building, crops, and trees
Changes the PH of river water - affects the fish and animals in that ecosystem
85
How does pollution change water temperature?
| Called - Thermal pollution
Factories dump warm water inrivers
Or when overhanging plants are removed
Temperature changes and less oxygen in water
86
What is poaching
The illegals removing of animals from the wild eg rhino
87
Name some organisms that are poached
Perlemoen
Rhino
Elephant
88
What is an adaptation?
When does an adaptation occur?
A characteristic that helps a living organism survive in its environment
When ere is a change in the structural, behavioural, functional characteristics of an organism
89
Name examples of these adaptations
Structural
Behavioural
Functional
Structural- beaks of bird adapted to their food source
Behavioural - desert animals go underground during heat of the day
Functional - sweat to cool down
90
Practical investigation to remember
1. What is the question?....to determine...
2. hypothesis
3. Determine Independent and dependent and control variable
Independent on x axis
Dependent on y axis
4 conclusion
5 what could be done to improve the investigation
91
Formula for finding out the percentage of air in soil.
Expected volume - actual volume
——————————————— x 100
Volume of soil sample
92
Formula for finding out the percentage of water in soil.
Initial mass of soil- mass after 1( or more ) day(s)
—————————————————————— x100
Initial mass of soil
93
Three kinds of plants sorted according to water needs
Mesophytes
Xerophytes
Hydrophytes
94
Phytos means
Hydro means
Xero
Mesos
Plant
Water
Dry
Middle / moderate
95
Hydrophyte adaptations for the roots
```
Small and poorly developed
No root hairs
Roots only for anchorage
Roots are short
Do not absorb mineral salts
Do not have cork or wax layer
Xylem - water conducting tissue is poorly developed
```
96
Hydrophytes how is stem adapted
```
Air spaces in stem allow plant to float
Stem covered with mucous to keep bacteria out and reduce friction
Stem stores water
Underground stem - rhizome
Xylem poorly developed
```
97
Hydrophytes how leaves are adapted
Thin and large and round to float
Stomata on upper surface only
Large surface area allows for exchange of gases
Thin cuticle to prevent water loss
Leaf stalks or petioles are long and flexible allows for floating
98
Xerophytes how adapted 4 general ways
They need to absorb water from dry environment
They need to store water
They need to prevent water loss
They need to protect themselves from animals eating them
99
Xerophytes root system how adapted
Short and underground
Adventitious root system
Not very deep so that it can absorb surface water
Corky layer to prevent water loss
Have many root hairs to get maximum water
100
Xerophytes how stem is adapted
Thick to store water
| Waxy layer to prevent water loss
101
Xerophytes how leaves adapted
Spirally placed to protect base of leaf from sun and hot air
No stalks water goes directly to leaves
Arrangement allows water to fall towards the stem
Thick and fleshy to store water
Thorns and spines to prevent water loss
The stomato are sunken
102
Structure on the the upper surface of the lily to prevent water loss
Cuticle
103
Water conducting tissue of a leaf
Xylem
104
Name three animal adaptations
Protective colouring
Camouflage
Mimicry
105
What is protective colouring
The colouring of the animal makes it almost invisible against the background
106
What is camouflage
When an animals colouring and body shape make it blend in with surrounding area
107
What is Mimicry
Animal bears a close resemblance to another animal which is dangerous and therefore scares predators off
Model is the animal that is copied
The mimic is the animal that is doing the copying
108
What are two ways in which we may become aware of micro organisms in our environment
Decaying food
| If we get sick from virus or bacterial infection
109
4 types of micro organisms
Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Protists
110
What are viruses
Microscopic particles that attack healthy cells in an organism
Not considered living since they do not carry out all life processes ( do not break down food for energy) ( not able to reproduce by themselves - need host cell to reproduce and kill host cell in the process
111
What are bacteria
Living things that are not plant and not animal but MONERA - all unicellular ( 1 cell) live together in colonies that are multicellular
112
Know diagram of bacteria
```
Cillia
Dna
Flagellum ( tail)
Cell wall
Membrane
Cytoplasm
```
113
3 types of bacteria grouped according to their shape
Rod shaped - bacilli
Spiral - spirilli
Round - cocci
114
Protist belong to which kingdom
Protista
115
What are protists
Unicellular
Live in water
Not animal. Plant, MONERA, fungi
116
Example of a protist
Amoeba
Red algae
Slime
Moods
117
What are fungi
Not plant or animal but related
May be uni cellular - yeast
My be multi cellular- mushroom
118
How to fungi grow
Spreading network of branches called hyphae- they release enzymes that digest the food
119
Know diagram of mould
Sporanglum
Spores
Sporanglephore
Rhizoids
120
Micrograph
A magnified image of a micro organism
121
Diseases caused by micro organisms
```
Tb
AIDS
Meningitis
Diarrhoea
Malaria
```
122
tuberculosis
```
Bacteria that attacks the lungs
Causes coughing up blood
Fever
Night chills
X-ray and blood test confirms
Long term antibiotic treatment
```
123
AIDS
```
Acquired immune difficiency syndrome
Virus that destroys the immune system
Transmitted through body fluids
Infected needles
Sexual contact
Contact with infected blood
Transfer mother to child pregnancy and breast milk
No cure
Long term treatment with antiretrovirals (ARVs)
```
124
Malaria
Caused by tiny microorganism parasite that can live in mosquitos . If mosquito which has parasite bites you it injects the parasite into your blood which travels to your liver where it hatches more parasites .
They in turn move back to your blood and destroy the red blood cells causing high fever , chills, sweats, headaches
Vomiting.
Must take malaria medicine ( prophylactics ) when travelling to a malaria area - this will kill the parasites in your blood
125
Water borne diseases
Any sickness caused by illnesses that are transmitted in water by micro organisms
Diarrhoea causes death quickly especially in children since a person can get severely dehydrated if vomitting as well as diarrhoea
Ecoli and cholera cause diarreah and are waterborne
Waterborne disease spread because poo and human waste goes bs k in the water and bacteria multiply .
Treatment is with antibiotics
Prevention by washing fruit and vegetables
126
Preventing infections by micro organisms
```
Wash fruit and vegetables
Wash hands with soap
Don't share person items like toothbrushes
Safe sex
Cover mouth when cough or sneeze
Boil or treat water so that it is safe to drink
Keep food in fridge
Wear gloves when handling bodily fluids
```
127
Why has life expectancy increase in the last 100 years
Development of vaccines that help body build up antibodies against microorganism
128
Examples of waterborn illness
Cholera,
129
What is cholera, how does it spread, how can people prevent themselves getting it, how is it treated
Caused by a bacteria, spread in fecal matter, don't drink dirty water, wash hands, cook food well, antibiotic
130
How to reduce risks of being contaminated by micro organisms
Wash fruit and vegetables
Safe sex
Wash hands with soap
Wear gloves when handling body fluids like blood
Keep food in fridge
Boil or treat water to kill micro organisms before drinking
Don't share personal items like toothbrushes
Cover your mouth when cough or sneeze.
131
Who was Louis Pasteur
He developed a way to prevent milk, beer, wine from causing sicknesses by heating it so that it kills all the micro organisms- still used today.
132
Name som helpful uses of microorganisms
Breaking down decomposing materials
Certain foods - yoghurt
Medicines
133
Why is decomposition a good thing
Releases nutrients that were stored back into the environment
134
Medicinal use of microorganisms
Alex Fleming discovered penicillin
135
Microorganisms in food
```
Yoghurt
Yeast in bread
Beer
Wine
Cheese
```
