Biology EOC Flashcards
(217 cards)
0
Q
Test tube
A
Narrow glass cylinder with an opening
1
Q
Graduated cylinder
A
Used to measure a precise volume of a liquid
2
Q
Petri dish
A
Dish used for growing bacteria on a solid growth medium that contains nutrients
3
Q
Balance
A
Used to measure mass
4
Q
Stopwatch
A
Used to measure time
5
Q
Microscope
A
Device that lets users view an enlarged image of small objects
6
Q
Hand lens
A
A magnifier held in the hand
7
Q
Compound microscope
A
Uses two or more lenses to form an enlarged and focused image of an object
8
Q
Microscope slide
A
Piece of glass that is used to hold a specimen under a compound microscope
9
Q
Electron microscope
A
Creates images using streams of electrons
10
Q
Qualitative data
A
Information described in words
11
Q
Quantitative data
A
Information described in numbers
12
Q
Data table
A
Display that shows related data in rows and columns
13
Q
Circle graph
A
Shows each quantity as part of a whole
14
Q
Bar graph
A
Compares data using bars of different heights or lengths
15
Q
Line graph
A
Uses plotted points to show relationships between variables
16
Q
Extrapolation
A
Prediction of values beyond the points plotted on a graphed line
17
Q
Interpolation
A
Prediction of values between points plotted on a graphed line
18
Q
Inference
A
Interpretation that is based on prior experience
19
Q
Cell
A
Basic unit of structure in all living things
20
Q
Homeostasis
A
A balanced internal environment
21
Q
Organelles
A
Cell structures
22
Q
Eukaryotes
A
Cell that has a distinct nucleus and other cell structures
23
Q
Prokaryotes
A
Organisms whose cells lack a distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
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Cytoplasm
Fluid that occupies most of the space within a cell
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Nucleus
Large organelle that controls cell activities
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Chromosomes
Structures in which eukaryotic DNA is organized into
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Cell membrane
A thin, flexible layer that surrounds the cytoplasm
28
Ribosomes
Structures which produce proteins
29
Endoplasmic reticulum
System of tubes and sacs that transport molecules from one part of the cell to the other
30
Golgi body
System of membranes that modifies and refines proteins and lipids
31
Mitochondria
Site of cellular respiration
32
Lysosome
Small, spherical organelles that carry out digestion in the cell
33
Cell wall
A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane of some cells
34
Chloroplasts
Organelles that capture the energy of sunlight for photosynthesis
35
Photosynesis
Process in which some organisms use sunlight to makr food from water and carbon dioxide
36
Vacuole
Stores water and other dissolved materials(plants have a large central one)
37
Diffusion
Movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
38
Passive transport
Movement of materials into or out of the cell without using energy
39
Equilibrium
When particles reach the state of equal concentration
40
Selectively permeable
Cell membranes that only allow some particles to pass through them
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Osmosis
Movement of water molecules from a concentrated solution to a less concentrated solution
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Concentration gradient
Difference in concentration on opposite sides of the cell memebrane
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Hypertonic solution
When the concentration of solute outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cytoplasm
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Hypotonic solution
When the concentration of solute in the cytoplasm is higher than outside of the cell
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Facilitated diffusion
Movement of substances across a cell membrane with the aid of protein molecules
46
Active transport
Moving material against the concentration gradient, which requires energy
47
Sodium-potassium pump
When sodium ions are pumped out of the cell and potassium ions are pumped into the cell, with the help of carrier proteins
48
Endocytosis
Process in which a cell surrounds and takes in material from its environment
49
Exocytosis
When cells try to remove unwanted materials
50
Macromolecules
A very large molecule that forms when smaller compounds are joined together by chemical bonds
51
Carbohydrates
Organic molecules composed of carbon,hydrogen,and oxygen
52
What is the primary energy source of most organisms?
Carbohydrates
53
What is the simplest type of a carbohydrate?
A simple sugar
54
What does the word "saccharide" mean?
Sugar
55
Two monosaccharides that bond together
A disaccharide
56
Proteins
Large organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
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What are the uilding blocks of proteins called?
Amino acid
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Enzyme
An organic catalyst that controls the rate of chemical reactions in the body
59
Lipids
Organic molecules composed of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen
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What are the differences between lipids and carbohydrates?
Lipids have more carbon-hydrogen bonds and fewer oxygen atoms than carbohydrates, and lipids do not dissolve in water
61
What form are lipids in plants?
Oils
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How are waxes made?
Long-chain fatty acids attached to an alcohol
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How do many lipids form?
Combination of a glycerol molecule and fatty acids
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What do fatty acids consist of?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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How is a lipid described as saturated?
If each carbon atom in the fatty acid chain is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond
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How is a lipid described as unsaturated?
If it contains at least one double bond between carbon atoms
67
What is a nucleic acid?
Large,complex molecules made of smaller molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
68
What is a nucleotide made up of?
A molecule of sugar that contains five carbon atoms, a nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate group
69
What is the job of nucleic acids?
To store and transmit information in the form of a code
70
What are the two most important nucleic acis?
DNA and RNA
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What are the roles of DNA and RNA in the formation of a code?
Genetic information is stored in DNA, translated by RNA and then used to direct the production of proteins
72
What are energy sources for cells?
Carohydrates, proteins,and lipids
73
How many calories per gram are in carbohydrates and proteins?
4
74
Why are carbohydrates a better source of energy than proteins and lipids?
Proteins take a long time to break down, and cells store energy in lipids
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What is a reactant?
Atoms, molecules, or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction
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What is a product of a chemical reaction?
Atoms, molecules, or compounds that result from the reaction
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What are the reactants of photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide and water
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What are the products of photosynthesis?
Glucose and oxygen
79
What are the reactants of cellular respiration?
Glucose and oxygen
80
What are the products of cellular respiration?
Carbon dioxide, water, and energy(ATP)
81
What is a catalyst?
A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed from the reaction?
82
What is an enzyme?
A protein that is a biochemical catalyst
83
What are substrates?
The reactants that are affected by enzymes in enzyme-catalyzed reactions
84
Where do substrates bind to on an enzyme?
The active site
85
How are the shapes of a substrate and a active site related?
They are opposite so they can fit together like lock and key
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What forces hold enzymes and substrates together?
Intermolecular forces
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How long does an enzyme-substrate stay together?
Until the reaction is complete
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What happens when the enzyme-substrate reaction is complete?
The products are released, the enzyme remains unchanged and can be used again in another process
89
What is activation energy?
The minimum amount of energy needed for colliding molecules to react
90
What is ATP?
An organic molecule used for short-term energy storage and transport in the cell
91
Into what forms is energy transferred?
From glucose to ATP
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What is ATP made of?
A nucleotide with two extra phosphate groups
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What is a phosphate group in ATP made of?
Phosphoric acid
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What is the nitrogenous base in ATP?
Adenine
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What is the sugar in ATP?
Ribose
96
What is the process that breaks the bonds between phosphates in ATP called?
Hydrolysis
97
What is hydrolysis?
When a water molecule is added to break a bond
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What is left after bonds between the phosphates in ATP are broken?
Adenine diphosphate
99
What is the process of combining ADP with a free phosphate?
Phosphorylation
100
What is the ATP-ADP cycle?
Th continuous process of ADP recombining with phosphates to form new molecules of ATP(because ATP cannot be stored for future use)
101
How does ATP become ADP in the ATP-ADP cycle?
When the phosphate bond of ATP is broken, ATP's stored energy is released, then ATP become ADP
102
How does ADP change back to ATP in the ATP-ADP cycle?
The ADP picks up a free phosphate, recharging the ADP and returning it back to ATP
103
In what reactions are ATP and NADPH made?
The light-dependent reactions
104
What molecules created by the light-dependent reactions are used in the light-independent reactions?
ATP and NADPH
105
What are the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis called?
Calvin cycle
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What is the Calvin cycle?
A series of reactions that form the simple sugar glucose from carbon dioxide and water
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What does the Calvin cycle use to produce glucose and oxygen?
ATP and NADPH
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What is cellular respiration?
The process by which cells release the energy stored in the bonds of food molecules
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What is an aerobic process?
A process that requires oxygen
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What are the three main stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport
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What is the first step of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
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What is glycolysis?
A chemical reaction in which a small amount of energy is released from a glucose molecule
113
Where does glycolysis occur?
The cell's cytoplasm
114
Is glycolysis aerobic, or anaerobic?
Anaerobic
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What breaks down glucose during glycolysis?
Two molecules of pyruvic acid
116
What is the second stage of cellular respiration?
Krebs cycle
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Why does the Krebs cycle occur?
At the end of glycolysis, most of the energy stored in a glucose molecule is unavailable because it is locked in the bonds of the pyruvic acid molecules
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What does the Krebs cycle do?
It breaks down pyruvic acid, produces carbon dioxide and ATP
119
Where does the Krebs cycle occur?
Mitochondria
120
What regulates the Krebs cycle?
Enzymes
121
What happens during the Krebs cycle?
The pyruvic acid formed by glycolysis enters the mitochondria, as the pyruvic acid is broken down, carbon dioxide and two molecules of ATP are released.
122
Due to which cycle do we breathe out carbon dioxide?
Krebs cycle
123
What happens at the close end of the Krebs cycle?
High energy molecules that are carried in the form of bonded hydrogen atoms to two carrier molecules, FAD and NAD
124
What do the carrier molecules FAD and NAD form at the end of the Krebs cycle?
FADH and NADH
| 2
125
What is the next stage of cellular respiration after the Krebs cycle?
Electron transport
126
What is electron transport?
A series of reactions that produce ATP from NADH and FADH
2
molecules from the Krebs cycle
127
What does electron transport reactions depend on?
Certain proteins located on the inner membranes of the mitochondria
128
What is the series of proteins located on the inner membranes of the mitochondria called?
Electron transport chain
129
What happens during electron transport?
Electrons of NADH and FADH pass from one protein to another.
2
An enzyme At the end of the electron transport chain combines the electrons with the hydrogen ions and oxygen to form water, which creates 32-34 molecules of ATP
130
Summarize the process of cellular respiration
Glycolysis: Glucose to Pyruvic acid
Krebs cycle: Pyruvic acid to NADH and FADH
2
Electron transport chain:CO +H O+36-38 ATP
2 2
131
What is the name of a process that does not require oxygen?
An anaerobic process
132
What is fermentation?
A process that enables cells to produce energy in the absence of oxygen
133
What are two important types of fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation
134
How many molecules of ATP are produced from a molecule of glucose during anaerobic respiration during glycolysis?
2
135
What happens during lactic acid fermentation?
An enzyme converts pyruvic acid into a compound called lactic acid.
136
Why does our bodies sometimes do lactic acid fermentation?
Our muscles need more ATP during exercise, and if the muscles do not have enough oxygen, they produce a form of lactic acid called lactate
137
What happens during alcohol fermentation in some single-celled organisms
They convert pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide
138
What type of fermentation is used to produce wine, beer, and bread?
Alcohol fermentation
139
What are the two main groups that scientists divide plants into?
Bryophytes and tracheophytes
140
What is a bryophyte?
A plant that lacks specialized tissues for the transportation of water
141
What is the name of the tissue in plants that transports water and other nutrients?
Vascular tissue
142
What is the scientific name for vascular plants.
Tracheophytes
143
What are the two main types of vascular tissue in tracheophytes?
Xylem and phloem
144
What is the job of xylem?
To move water and nutrients from the ground upwards (in plants)
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What is the job of phloem?
To carry food made in a plant's leaves down to other plant parts
146
What are the "organs" of a plant?
Roots, stem, and leaves
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What kind of plant lacks roots, stems, or leaves?
Bryophytes
148
What are the jobs of roots?
To support the plant, absorb water, dissolve nutrients from the soil, and store food and water
149
What are the two main types of root systems in plants?
Tarp roots and fibrous roots
150
What is a tarproot root system?
A single long root that grows deep into the soil
151
What is a fibrous root system?
A plant that has many small, shallow root branches
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What are woody plants?
Plants that develop into trees and shrubs with hard rigid stems
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What are herbaceous plants?
Plants with green, flexible stems
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What are the main organs of plants that carry out photosynthesis?
The leaves
155
What are the small openings in a leaf called?
Stomata
156
What part of the leaf exchanges carbon dioxide and oxygen?
Stomata
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What are guard cells?(in plants)
Tiny structures that control the size of the stomata
158
What is a petiole?
A tubelike structure that attaches a leaf to its stem
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What is the broad, flat part of a leaf called?
A blade
160
What are conifers?
Plants that form seeds in cones
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What group of plants are conifers under?
Gymnosperms
162
What is an angiosperm?
A plant that produces seeds enclosed in fruits
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What is the reproductive structure of angiosperms?
The flower
164
What is the name of the male reproductive part of a flower?
The stamen
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What is the female reproductive part of a plant called?
The pistil
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What does the pistil of a flower contain that makes female sex cells?
The ovary
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How does a flowering plant reproduce sexually?
Pollen must be transferred from the stamen of the flower to the stigma on the pisil
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What are animals that carry pollen called?
Pollinators
169
What is the transfer of pollen from the stamen to a pistil called?
Pollination
170
What is a seed?
A reproductive structure that contains a plant embryo
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What is an embryo?
An early stage of the development of an organism
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What part of the seed stores food?
The cotyledon
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What are monocots?
Plants whose seeds contain only one seed leef
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What are dicots?
Plants whose seeds contain two cotyledons
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What are cones?
Structures that are adapted for sexual reproduction in conifers
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What is a spore?
A tiny,waterproof reproductive cell that can grow into a new organism in the right conditions
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What kinds of environments do spore-producing plants live in?
Moist environments
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What is an organ system?
A group of organs and tissues that work together to carry out main functions
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What is the nervous system?
The organ system that controls the functions of the body and coordinates its responses to stimuli
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What are the two main parts of the human nervous system?
Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
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What makes up the central nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord
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What makes up the peripheral nervous system?
Nerves that transmit information between the central nervous system and the rest of the body
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What is the covering of the cerebrum called?
Cerebral cortex
184
What is the second largest part of the brain?
The cerebellum
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What is the smallest part of the brain?
The brain stem
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What is the largest part of the brain?
The cerebrum
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What direction do arteries carry the blood?
Away from the heart
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What direction do veins carry blood?
To the heart
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What are capillaries?
Tiny blood vessels that connect arteries to veins
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What is blood made up of?
Plasma, blood cells, and platelets
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What is plasma?
A straw-colored fluid made up of mostly water
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What are the 4 kinds of tissue our body is made of?
Connective, epithelial, muscular and nervous
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What does plaque do to blood vessels
It makes them narrower and slows the flow of blood
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What is a major component of plaque?
Cholesterol
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What are pathogens?
Organisms and agents that cause infectious diseases
196
What are macrophages?
Large white blood cells that engulf and destroy pathogens
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What is an antibody?
A Y shaped protein that attaches to a foreign substance
198
What do antibodies attach themselves to?
Antigens
199
What are homologous structures?
Body parts of different organisms that have a similar structure but not the same function
200
What are analogous structures?
Body parts that have a similar function but not a similar structure
201
What are vestigial structures?
Body parts that do not play a role in the body functions of an organisms
202
What is speciation?
Evolution of a new species from an existing species
203
What is gradualism?
The idea that evolution occurs over a long period of time
204
What is punctuated equilibrium?
Changes occur very rapidly and is followed by a period without change
205
What are the eight major classifications in modern taxonomy?
Phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species
206
What is the largest group for classification of organisms?
Domains
207
What are the three top domains?
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
208
What is a distinguishing feature of Eubacteria?
A cell wall that contains peptidoglycan
209
What is the kingdom under the domain bacteria?
Eubacteria
210
What is the kingdom under the domain archaea?
Archaebacteria
211
Are archaebacteria eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
Prokaryotes
212
What are the four kingdoms of eukaryotes?
Protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia
213
Are all eukarya eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
Eukaryotes
214
What two kingdoms of the domain Eukarya might be multicellular or unicellular
Protists and fungi
215
What kind of organisms are included under the kingdom fungi?
Organisms that have cell walls but lack vascular tissue and chloroplasts
216
What are kingdoms divided into?
Phyla
