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Biology Essay Plans Flashcards

(43 cards)

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1
Q

The Importance of Concentration Gradients- Topics?

A

Gas Exchange
Water Transport in Plants
Neurotransmitters
Chemiosmosis
Digestion/ Absorption
Plant Responses

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2
Q

The Importance of Concentration Gradients- Gas Exchange

A

AO1- Countercurrent Flow
- maintain distance accross whole length
- lower O2 than air
AO3- allows sufficient O2 for respiration
- to produce ATP
- use in metabolic reactions
If not- low O2 transfer, less movement and responses- fatigue

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3
Q

The Importance of Concentration Gradients- Water transport in Plants

A

AO1- Soil to root hair cell by osmosis
- gradient continues up xylem due to transporation
- continuous column
Ao2- needed for photosynthesis to make organic matter
if not- rate of respiration reduces

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4
Q

The Importance of Concentration Gradients- Neurotransmitters

A

AO1- synapse pre to post
AO2- maintain unidirectionality
- allows spaced
if not- less neuro recepted, threshold/ response slower

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5
Q

The Importance of Concentration Gradients- Chemiosmosis

A

AO1- made by protons, move down creating ATP
AO2- important in producing energy requiring
if not- reduced movement

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6
Q

The Importance of Concentration Gradients- digestion

A

AO1- glucose co transport
AO2- ensures sufficient glucose
if not- less ATP

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7
Q

The Importance of Concentration Gradients- Plant responses

A

diffuses into shady/ low regions
competition
if not- die

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8
Q

The importance of responding to changes- essay structure

A

Osmoregulation
Blood Glucose Regulation
Heart Rate Regulation
Plant Responses
Taxis and Kinesis

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9
Q

The importance of responding to changes- osmoregulation

A

AO1- maintains the water potential
osmoreceptors
ADH
aquaphorins
AO2- prevents lysis or changing shape
plant- photosynthesis

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10
Q

The importance of responding to changes- Blood glucose

A

AO1- negative feedback,
insulin
second messanger
AO2- needed for respiration, hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia

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11
Q

The importance of responding to changes- heart rate control

A

AO1- medulla
parasympethetic- rest sympathetic- increases
AO2- maintaines O2 concentration, blood preassure maintainance

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12
Q

The Functions and Importance of Enzymes

A

Digestion
DNA replication
Chemiosmosis
DNA Technology
Immunity

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13
Q

The Functions and Importance of Enzymes- Digestion

A

AO1- breaks into smaller, absorbable units
- amylase and maltose
- proteases- endo, exo, di
- lipase
(describe products)
Each enzume is unique to substrate so high specificity
AO2- important to absorb needed products i.e. glucose in respiration

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14
Q

The Functions and Importance of Enzymes- DNA replication

A
  • semi conservative
  • 5 -> 3
  • DNA helicase
  • DNA polymerase

AO2- ensures daughter cells inherit exact copy of genetic information
preventing mutation accumulation

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15
Q

The Functions and Importance of Enzymes- Chemiosmosis

A

Make ATP
matrix, NADH and FADH release hydrogen and pumped to inner membrane, electrochemical gradient
ATP synthase

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16
Q

The Functions and Importance of Enzymes- Genetic Engineering

A
  • Restriction endonucleases- bacterial, cut DNA, sticky ends
  • DNA ligase- catalyses the formation of phosphodiester bonds joining DNA fragments

AO2- evolution of genetic tech
Human Insulin
Underpin antiboitc production, agriculture, forensic science

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17
Q

The Functions and Importance of Enzymes- Immune System

A

Phagocytosis Lysozymes
phagosome
break down into harmless components

contribution to innate and adpatibe immunity
neutralise infectious agents

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18
Q

The importance of Water

Study These Flashcards
A

Solvent
Metabolite
Thermal

19
Q

The importance of Water- solbent

Study These Flashcards
A
  • polar properties, negative charge on oxygen
  • water to form hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules and dissolve compounds
    -blood plasma- glucose and amino aids transported
    Xylem- transports sucrose

AO2- ensures glucose movement
ATP and respiration

20
Q

The importance of Water- Metabolite

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Hydrolysis
  • condensation
  • photosynthesis

Molecules wouldnt be able to be broken down or made#
photosyntehsis wouldnt continue

21
Q

The importance of Water- thermal

Study These Flashcards
A

High specific heat capacity- hydrogen bonds
resists temp chnages
buffer temperature changes-
latent heat of vaportisation

AO2 enzyme action
homeostasis

22
Q

The importance of Water- Cohesion- Tension

Study These Flashcards
A
  • cohesive
  • transpiration stream- unbroken colemn
    transports water and dissolved minerals

AO2- photosynthesis
nutrient transfer
turgor

23
Q

The Importance of cell division

Study These Flashcards
A

Growth and Repair
Genetic Variation- meiosis
Gene Technology
Immune Response

24
Q

The Importance of cell division- growth and repair

Study These Flashcards
A

Mitosis- PMAT interphase
genetically identical

Repair dead cells
genetic consistency
growth of humans at shoot tips

25
The Importance of cell division-Genetic variation
meiosis- process independent assortment, crossing over- meiosis 1 AO2- variation and natural selection diversion adaptability
26
The Importance of cell division- gene technology
cloning- in vivo uses bactera- ability to divide a large amount by binary fission PCR- mimics cell division - useful for large amount of desired genes insulin, vacones, agriculture
27
The importance of cell division- immune response
- antigen, clonal selecton activates B cells to divide and produce clones to produce antibodies. or into T ccells kill - long term immunitu, prevent illness
28
The importance of sodium ions
Action Potentials Sodium potassium pumps Osmoregulation Co-Transport
29
The importance of sodium ions- action potentials
stimulkus- sodiumion channels eneter down electrochemical gradient depolarisation- inside less negative AO2- importance in fast muscle contraction reflecc arcs without- impaired NS
30
The importance of sodium ions- sodium potassium pumps
maintains a resting potenital SODIUM AT OUT POTASSIUM IN Polarisation allows quick depolarisation for fast responses without- slower
31
The importance of sodium ions- osmoregulation
osmosis movement of sodium influences distribution of water in kidneys- sodium ions are activley reabsorbed from nephron to bloodstream driving reabsorption of water blood preassure and volume dehydration lysis
32
The importance of sodium ions- co transport
process- epithelial lining supply glucose
33
The Importance of Hormones
Blood Glucose Osmoregulation IAA Adrenaline
34
The Importance of Hormones- blood glucose
Insulun Glycogen stimuation hydro and hyperglycemia enzyme activity
35
The Importance of Hormones- osmoregulation
ADH- if too low, binds to receptors on DCT and collecting duct insert aquaphorins more reabsorption wayer pot
36
The Importance of Hormones- oestrogen
binds to oestrogen receptors- acts as a TF change shape promoting RNA polymerase growth good at secondary sexual characyeristics over can cause tumours
37
The importance of cell membranes
Transport Signal and communication immune response nervous transmission
38
The Importance of cell membranes- transport
Move substances un an out phospholipid bilayer channel and carrier proteins cotransport nutrients like flucose osmosis
39
The Importance of cell membranes- cell communication
receptor proteins on surface- specofoc tp a single molecule and elict a cascade of responses adrenaline and insulinr eceptors
40
The Importance of cell membranes- immune response
antigen trigger APC- detected by T helper cells B cells have antibodies which bind to antigens helps response
41
The Importance of cell membranes- nervous transmission
Cell membranes are involved in the generation and propagation of nerve impulses. Voltage-gated sodium and potassium ion channels are embedded in the neuronal membrane. The sodium-potassium pump maintains the resting membrane potential by actively transporting 3 Na⁺ out and 2 K⁺ in. Upon stimulation, sodium channels open, allowing Na⁺ influx, which causes depolarisation. This depolarisation triggers adjacent voltage-gated channels to open, enabling the impulse to propagate along the axon. At synapses, neurotransmitters like acetylcholine bind to receptors on the post-synaptic membrane. This binding opens ligand-gated ion channels, continuing the nerve signal in the next neuron.
42
The Importance of DNA
protein syntehsis replication meiosis genetic engineering
43
The Importance of DNA- protein synthesis

Biology (26 decks)

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