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Biology Exam 1 (1st quarter) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Biology?

A

The study of life and organisms

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of living things?

A
  1. Growth
  2. Reproduction
  3. Organization
  4. Response
  5. Requires Energy
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3
Q

What are the branches of Biology?

A
  1. Cytology
  2. Genetics
  3. Microbiology
  4. Botany
  5. Zoology
  6. Anatomy and Physiology
  7. Ecology
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4
Q

What is Cytology?

A

The study of cells

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5
Q

What is Genetics?

A

The study of genes and heredity

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6
Q

What is Microbiology

A

The study of microscopic organisms

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7
Q

What is Botany?

A

The study of plants

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8
Q

What is Zoology?

A

The study of animals

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9
Q

What is Anatomy and Physiology?

A

The study of the human body and how it functions

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10
Q

What is Ecology?

A

The study of how organisms relate to one another

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11
Q

What are the five steps of the Scientific Method?

A
  1. Define the problem or ask a question
  2. Research
  3. Form a hypothesis
  4. Test your hypothesis
  5. State your conclusion
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12
Q

What characteristics of our planet support life?

A
  1. The sun
  2. Earth’s rotation on its axis
  3. The right kind of atmosphere
  4. The magnetosphere
  5. Plenty of water
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13
Q

What are the unique properties of water?

A
  1. Polarity
  2. Universal solvent
  3. Ability to enter three different states
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14
Q

What is polarity?

A

Each water molecule has a positive charge on one side and a negative charge on the opposite (like a magnet)

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15
Q

What is the Universal Solvent?

A

Many substances can dissolve into water because of their weak magnetic bond

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16
Q

How does water enter into three different states?

A

Solid, liquid, and gas

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17
Q

What is Chemistry?

A

The study of matter (all the elements and how they interact)

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18
Q

What are cells?

A

The smallest living organisms; the building blocks of life

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19
Q

What are the building blocks of elements?

A

Atoms

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20
Q

What are atoms made of?

A

Protons (positive charge), Neutrons (no charge), and Electrons (negative charge)

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21
Q

What is the Nucleus?

A

The center of an atom; comprised of protons and neutrons

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22
Q

Where are the Electron Shells?

A

The areas in an atom where electrons exist, orbiting the nucleus

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23
Q

What is the Valence Shell?

A

The outermost electron shell in an atom

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24
Q

What are Valence Electrons?

A

The electrons in the Valence Shell

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25
What is the Octet Rule?
Most electrons are stable with 8 electrons in their Valence Shell
26
What is an Ion?
An atom with a positive or negative charge
27
What is an Ionic Bond?
The force connecting a positively charged atom with a negatively charged one
28
What is Covalent Bonding?
The force between two or more atoms sharing electrons in their Valence Shells
29
What is Polar Bonding?
The force between two elements in a polar molecule
30
What is Non-Polar Bonding?
When the electrons are evenly distributed among the atoms in a molecule
31
What is an important element for life?
Carbon
32
How many Protons and Electrons does Carbon have?
6 Protons and 6 Neutrons, meaning it has 4 Electrons in its outer shell
33
What kind of bonds can Carbon form?
Single, double , or triple Covalent Bonds with other atoms
34
What is a Chemical Reaction?
When a atoms come together to make a molecule, or when a molecule breaks up into separate atoms
35
What is the Product?
The molecule that results from reactants coming together
36
How many Laws of Thermodynamics are there?
Two
37
What is the first Law of Thermodynamics?
Matter cannot be created or destroyed
38
What is the second Law of Thermodynamics?
Entropy
39
What is Entropy?
Given enough time, everything wears out and falls apart
40
What are the building blocks of life? (Besides Atoms)
1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids
41
What do the building blocks of life have in common?
They all contain Carbon (an essintial element for life)
42
What are the three main facts about Carbohydrates?
1. They are compounds of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen 2. They give energy to living cells 3. They provide structure to living things like plants, fungi, and insects
43
What are the two main facts about Lipids?
1. Lipids include fats, waxes, and steroids 2. They are used for energy, insulating cells, and protecting cells
44
What are Fatty Acids?
Your body's way of storing energy
45
What are Glycerides?
Fatty Acids bound to a molecule of Glycerol (a chain of 3 carbons, each connected to oxygen and hydrogen)
46
What are Waxes?
They are similar to Fatty Acids, used to make plants and animals water-repellent
47
What are Steroids?
They are made from 4 Carbon rings with a tail
48
What is a job of some of the Steroids?
They are chemical messengers
49
What is Cholesterol?
What cell membranes are made of
50
How many kinds of Amino Acids are there?
20 different kinds
51
What is a Peptide Bond?
The force linking Amino Acids
52
How many Amino Acids do Proteins have?
50 or more Amino Acids linking together
53
What is an Enzyme?
A type of protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction
54
Where are Nucleic Acids found?
In the Nucleus of a cell
55
What are Nucleic Acids made of?
Nucleotides
56
What do Nucleotides form?
DNA and RNA
57
What is Organic Chemistry?
A study of the common elements that make up living things and the chemical compounds produced by living things
58
What is a cell?
The smallest unit of life itself
58
What is the study of cells?
Cell Biology and Cytology
59
What are the three basic principles of the Cell Theory?
1. All living things are composed of 1 or more cells 2. A cell is the basic unit of organization in all organisms 3. All cells come from existing cells
60
What are three observations of the Modern Cell Theory?
1. Cells use and transfer energy 2. Heredity information is passed from cell to cell 3. All cells have the same basic chemical composition
61
What is Tissue?
A group of cells connected together to carry out a specific function
62
What is an Organ?
Several types of tissues that work together to perform a function
63
What is the Organ System?
A group of Organs cooperating to perform a function
64
What are two types of cells?
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
65
What is a Prokaryotic cell?
A single-celled organism (bacteria and blue-green algae)
66
What is a Eukaryotic cell?
The type of cells in multicellular organisms (plants and animals)
67
What is the Plasma Membrane?
AKA the cell membrane, is the outer boundary that separates the cell from its environment
68
What is the Cytoplasm?
Fluid inside the cell containing molecules and organelles
69
What are Organelles
The "little organs" inside the cell
70
What is the Nucleus?
The "control center" of the cell containing all the DNA (the genetic material of the cell)
71
What are the three main parts of a Eukaryotic cell?
1. Plasma Membrane 2. Cytoplasm with Organelles 3. Nucleus
72
What is the main job of the Membrane?
Maintaining homeostasis (balancing life)
73
What are the two main components of the Membrane?
Phospholipids and the Fluid Mosaic Model
74
What are Phospholipids?
A hydrolic (water-loving) head and 2 hydrophobic (water-repelling) tails
75
What is the Fluid Mosaic Model?
A way of understanding what cell membranes are and do. Cell membranes are not a solid barrier but the lipids move like a fluid with cholesterols, proteins, and carbs embedded in the membrane
76

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