biology exam gr 12 Flashcards
(19 cards)
What are monosaccharides?
Single sugars (glucose) that cannot be hydrolyzed to give a simpler sugar
Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates.
What are disaccharides?
Formed when 2 monosaccharides are joined together
Common examples include sucrose and lactose.
What are polysaccharides?
Made up of many monosaccharides
Examples include starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
What is a glycosidic bond?
A covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate molecule to another group
This bond is crucial for forming disaccharides and polysaccharides.
What are triglycerides?
An ester formed from glycerol and 3 fatty acid groups
They are a major form of stored energy in animals.
What are phospholipids?
A lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule
They are essential components of cell membranes.
What are steroids?
Organic compounds with a molecular structure containing 4 rings of carbon atoms
Examples include cholesterol and hormones.
What is the difference between unsaturated fats and saturated fats?
Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds in the carbon chain and are in a liquid state. Saturated fats are only single bonds between carbon atoms and are in a solid state
Unsaturated fats are generally considered healthier.
What are amino acids?
A molecule that serves as the basic building block of protein
There are 20 different amino acids that combine to form proteins.
What is a polypeptide?
A long chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
Polypeptides fold into specific shapes to become functional proteins.
What is a peptide bond?
A chemical bond that connects two amino acids, forming a peptide chain
It forms through a dehydration reaction.
What are nucleotides?
A compound that has a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group
Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.
What is a carboxyl group?
A carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group
Carboxyl groups are characteristic of carboxylic acids.
What is a carbonyl group?
A carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom
Carbonyl groups are found in aldehydes and ketones.
What is a hydroxyl group?
A hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an oxygen atom
Hydroxyl groups are characteristic of alcohols.
What is the structure of the cell membrane?
A dynamic, 2-D fluid composed of a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded within
This structure allows for flexibility and selective permeability.
What is the plasma membrane?
The outer cell membrane responsible for regulating the substances moving into and out of the cell
It is essential for maintaining homeostasis.
What is a peripheral protein?
Positioned on the surface of a membrane and does not interact with the hydrophobic core
These proteins are held to the surface by non-covalent bonds, including hydrogen and ionic bonds.
