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(E)Biology 2021 > Biology exam July > Flashcards

Biology exam July Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

Cells that have DNA contained in a nucleus

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2
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Cells without a nucleus : eg bacteria

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3
Q

A unicellular organism is

A

Microscopic and consists of only one single cell that is able to perform all seven life processes

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4
Q

A multicellular organism has lots of cells which work together to perform the 7 life processes . Name the 5 steps from smallest to complete organism

A

Cells - smallest unit of life
Tissues- group of cells working together performing a common function
Organ- group of tissues working together performing a common function
Organ system- organ system working together performing a common function.
Organism - cells, tissues, organs, systems all working together to sustain life

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5
Q

What is an organelle

A

A specialized structure ( mini organ) within the cell that performs a specific job for the cell
There are many different organelles in each cell each with its own job

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6
Q

cell wall ( function)

A

A support structure that gives rigidity to plant cells

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7
Q

Cell membrane ( function)

A

A selectively permeable membrane that controls movement of substances into and out of the cell

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8
Q

Cytoplasm ( function)

A

Storage and cyclosis(movement)

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9
Q

Nucleus ( function)

A

Control center of the cell that regulates all activities in the cell
Contains chromosomes with hereditary information

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10
Q

Mitochondria

A

Cellular respiration - the process where glucose is used to make energy

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11
Q

Ribosome (function)

A

Protein synthesis

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12
Q

Golgi body (function)

A

Processing and folding of proteins

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13
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (function)

A

Transport system within the cell

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14
Q

Chloroplast (function)

A

Photosynthesis the process where sunlight energy is used to make glucose

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15
Q

Vacuole ( function)

A

Creates pressure in the plant cell which gives the plant cell its rigid shape

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16
Q

The cytoplasm is able to circulate in order to move substances around the cell . This is known as

A

Cyclosis

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17
Q

Which structures / organelles do plants have extra - ( animal cells don’t have these )

A

Cell wall
Chloroplast
Vacuole

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18
Q

Two main functions of the nucleus

A

Control all the processes and chemical reactions that take place inside the cell
Contain the cells genetic material which is organized into long dna molecules

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19
Q

What does the nucleolus do

A

Sends messages RNA from inside the nucleus

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20
Q

DNA is found in strands of

A

Chromatin network

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21
Q

DNA contains

A

Information about genes - inherited characteristics like eye color hair color etc

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22
Q

Nucleus is filled with a gel like fluid called

A

Nucleoplasm

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23
Q

Mitochondria are also called the

A

Power house of the cell because they break down the nutrients to give energy to the organism

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24
Q

Once food molecules enter the cell and pass through the mitochondria they are used by the mitochondria in a process called — —

A

Cellular respiration

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25
Cellular respiration
Is where the mitochondria combine food with oxygen to release energy that the cell an use
26
The by-products if cellular respiration are
Carbon dioxide Water Waste materials
27
Vacuoles are
Storage bubbles found in cells Larger in plant than animal cells They store food and nutrients for the cell to survive They even store waste products
28
Another works for floppy
Flaccid
29
Plant wall is an extra layer that plants have and is made of
Cellulose
30
Chloroplasts are plant cells where photosynthesis takes place . They contain a green pigment called
Chlorophyll
31
Round disks in a chloroplast which contain chlorophyll
Thylakoids
32
A stack of thylakoids is called
A granum
33
The gel like fluid inside the chloroplast is called
Stroma
34
The liquid in a vacuole is called
Plant sap
35
Full vacuoles push against the cell walls making them rigid. When vacuoles are full we say the cells are
Turgid ( full of water)
36
When vacuoles are empty the cells become
Flaccid ( floppy ) droopy leaves
37
When a membrane is folded to increase the surface area in order to speed up its function
Convoluted
38
The main compound found in the cell wall
Cellulose microfibrils
39
The type of cell that came produce its own food
Plant cell
40
The type of cell that does not have a cell wall
Animal cell
41
THe chemical reaction responsible for releasing energy
Cellular respiration
42
A storage area for water and dissolved salts and nutrients
Vacuole
43
A cell membrane is semi —
Permeable
44
The organelle that controls cellular activity
Nucleus
45
The organelle that contains genetic material that determines inherited characteristics
Nucleus
46
The organelle responsible for photosynthesis
Chloroplast
47
What is the equation for calculating the actual size of a specimen.
Actual size = length of specimen (times) given scale (over)scale line length
48
Biotic
Living organismen their products and wastes that are found in the enviroment Eg:dog poo will be biotic
49
Abiotic
Non-living things in the environment .
50
Biotic kingdoms
``` Animals Plants Fungi Bacteria Protists ```
51
Abiotic factors are
``` Air Soil Temperature Light Water Minerals PH Humidity ```
52
Components of soil
Organic material 5% Abiotic 45% Air 25% Water 25%
53
Components of air
Nitrogen 78%(absorbed by plants) Oxygen 21%(respiration and combustion) Carbon Dioxide 0.04%(photosynthesis and trapping heat in earth) Other 0.96%(mostly argon)
54
Water
70 to 90% of humans is made up of water. | 75% of the planet is made up of water
55
Water cycle
``` Evaporation Condensation Precipitation (eg: rain, snow, sleet) Infiltration Runoff Transpiration(trees) ```
56
PH scale definition
The way to measure how basic or acidic something is.
57
What is the chemical and material is used to determine the PH for different substances
``` Universal indicator(chemical) Litmus paper(material: comes in red and blue) ```
58
What colours are acids
Colour Red to yellow Number 1 - 6 Eg: gastric acid, milk
59
Neutral Ph
Number 7 Colour green Eg: distilled water
60
Basic PH
Number 8 - 14 Colour dark green to blue Eg: chlorine, egg
61
Why is it important for scientists to know the PH of substances
To measure water quality Doctors can use it to diagnose kidney problems Farmers can use it to test soil to determine where crop will grow best.
62
Definition of Ecosystem
Biological environment that included living and non-living factors and the interaction between the two
63
Definition of humus
Decaying remains of plants and animals together with animal poop in soil
64
Eutrophication
The artificial enrichment (making better)of an aquatic system(water system) by the addition of nutrients
65
Eutrophication cycle
1. Fertilizer 2. Runoff(into water)and leaching(absorbed into the ground) 3. Algae growth(fertilizer causes algae to grow) 4. Blocks sunlight causing fish to suffocate and die 5. Algae dies because there’s not enough oxygen and sinks to the bottom of the ocean 6. And if fish and algae are dying then the decaying fish and algae becomes bad for fish and mammals
66
7 life processes | MRS GREN
Movement Reproduction Sensitivity Growth Respiration Excretion Nutrition
67
Energy is needed to sustain life. Our most important source of energy is
The sun
68
2 important processes involved in transferring the sun’s energy to our bodies
Photosynthesis | Respiration
69
The energy conversions needed to support all life on earth are
Radiant energy➡️chemical energy ➡️ATP energy | (From sun) From photosynthesis From cellular respiration
70
Photosynthesis
How plants absorb the sun’s radiant energy and convert it into food using clorophyll for themselves and other living organisms
71
How do plants convert radiant energy to chemical energy ?
1. Chloroplast - Photosynthesis takes place in the small structures inside a plant called chloroplasts 2. Chlorophyll - Inside the chloroplast there is a green pigment called chlorophyll which absorbs radiant sun energy and turns it into 3. Chemical energy in form of Glucose
72
Word equation for the process of photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide + water ➡️chlorophyll and sunlight ➡️ glucose + oxygen
73
Photosynthesis presented in form of chemical equation
On paper
74
Diagram of photosynthesis
Be able to draw it
75
What happens to the glucose that plants produce ?
1. It’s food for the plant that it uses to grow ( transports through stems roots flowers fruit) 2. It stores it 3. Can change it into starch and cellulose
76
Is glucose soluble in water ?
Yes
77
Plants convert glucose into compounds that are insoluble so that it can store it longer . What does it turn it into and where is it stored?
Converts it into starch | Stores in roots and stem ( carrots , potatoes )
78
Glucose is also converted into cellulose - what is this ?
Cellulose is used in the cell walls of plants for support and strength
79
What is cellular respiration ?
When an organism releases stored chemical energy from the food they eat to support their life processes
80
How does cellular respiration work?
1. We get energy through eating food 2. The glucose from the food we eat is combined with oxygen in a series of chemical reactions to release energy 3. This reaction takes place in the mitochondria of the cells of all living organisms 4. This energy is used to drive all other processes in your body 5. This energy releasing process is called cellular respiration
81
Cellular respiration takes place in ALL living organisms even plants , however plants don’t need to
Eat any other food as they make their own food during photosynthesis
82
Word equation for respiration
Glucose + oxygen ➡️ carbon dioxide + water + ATP energy
83
Chemical equation for cellular respiration.
On paper
84
How do we get rid of the carbon dioxide that is produced in the body through cellular respiration ?
We breathe it out
85
Compare photosynthesis and cellular respiration | photosynthesis
``` Occurs during the day Occurs in the chloroplast Uses radiant energy Makes chemical energy Raw ingredients it uses are : glucose and oxygen Carbon dioxide in Oxygen out ```
86
Compare photosynthesis and cellular respiration | Cellular respiration
``` Occurs all the time Occurs in the mitochondria Uses chemical energy Makes radiant energy Raw ingredients needed : glucose and oxygen Products made : carbon dioxide and water Oxygen in Carbon dioxide out ```
87
Flow chart photosynthesis and respiration
Look over it
88
Scientific investigation process
``` Question Hypothesis Aim Method Independent and dependent variables Control variables ```
89
What goes on the x axis
Independent variable - the one thing you change in the experiment
90
What goes on the y axis
Dependent variable - the change that happens because of the independent variable
91
Control variable
Everything you want to remain constant in the experiment
92
Quantitative data
Data you measure with instruments such as rulers, balances, cylinders, beakers, thermometers
93
Qualitative data
Data you observe using your senses Smell, taste Hear Touch

(E)Biology 2021 (6 decks)

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