Biology Exam Semester 2 Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
a protein is a chain of these
A
Amino acids
2
Q
a section of DNA that has the code for a specific protein
A
Gene
3
Q
all of the genetic information needed to make an organism
A
Genome
4
Q
carries the code for a protein from the nucleus to the ribosome
A
mRNA
5
Q
the DNA strand which doesn’t have the information
A
Non-sense strand
6
Q
these are produced by the process of translation
A
Protein
7
Q
ribosomes are made of this
A
rRNA
8
Q
site of protein synthesis
A
Ribosome
9
Q
the DNA strand which has the information
A
Sense strand
10
Q
bring the amino acids to the ribosome
A
tRNA
11
Q
describes what percentage of the genes for a particular trait in the population is for each allele
A
Allele frequency
12
Q
individuals leave a population
A
Emigration
13
Q
occurs in small populations due to random chance
A
Genetic drift
14
Q
the allele frequency in a population remains the same from generation to generation
A
Genetic equilibrium
15
Q
describes what percentage of the population has each combination of alleles
A
Genotype frequency
16
Q
new individuals join a population
A
Immigration
17
Q
a change in the genetic code
A
Mutation
18
Q
occurs when a genetic trait causes some individuals to be more likely to survive to reproductive age
A
Natural selection
19
Q
describes what percentage of the population has each trait
A
Phenotype frequency
20
Q
occurs when a genetic trait causes some individuals to be more likely to mate and produce offspring
A
Sexual selection
21
Q
organism is composed of more than one cell
A
Multicellular
22
Q
organism is composed of only one cell
A
Unicellular
23
Q
unicellular organisms which tend to live in groups
A
Colonial
24
Q
rigid structure outside of the cell membrane
A
Cell wall
25
cells which have a nucleus and parts with membranes
Eukaryotic
26
cells which don't have a nucleus or parts with membranes
Prokaryotic
27
organisms which produce food for themselves internally
Autotroph
28
organisms which must get their food from an outside source
Heterotroph
29
autotroph which gets energy from light
Photosynthesis
30
autotroph which gets energy from chemicals
Chemosynthesis
31
carry the same types of genes
Homologous chromosomes
32
involves one parent and results in offspring which are clones of the parent; a part of the parent organism separates and becomes a new organism which is genetically identical to the parent
Asexual reproduction
33
involves one or two parents and male and female gametes and results in offspring which are genetically unique from the parents
Sexual reproduction
34
the diploid cell that results from fertilization
Zygote
35
all of the chromosomes are in homologous pairs
Diploid
36
none of the chromosomes are in homologous pairs
Haploid
37
the joining of two gametes to form a zygote
Fertilization
38
a haploid cell which results from meiosis
Gamete
39
will be expressed if one copy of the allele is present
Dominant allele
40
will only be expressed in the absence of a dominant allele
Recessive allele
41
different forms of a gene for a particular trait
Alleles
42
can be passed from parents to children
Inheritable
43
both alleles for a trait are the same
Homozygous
44
the two alleles for a trait are different
Heterozygous
45
the separation of alleles during gamete formation
Segregation
46
crossing organisms with different traits
Hybridization
47
# T/F
DNA stores all the information needed to make all of the proteins needed by the organism
True
48
# T/F
each DNA nucleotide has a nitrate, an amino acid, and a lipid
False
49
# T/F
in DNA, A pairs with C
False
50
# T/F
DNA is kept in the nucleus
True
51
# T/F
transcription creates RNA by pairing RNA nucleotides with the sense strand of the DNA
False
52
# T/F
each mRNA codon corresponds to a specific amino acid unless it is a "stop" codon
True
53
# T/F
The rRNA carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome
False
54
# T/F
transcription happens in the chloroplast
False
55
# T/F
an mRNA with no start codon will not produce a protein
True
56
# T/F
a stop codon causes the translation process to stop
True
57
# T/F
one DNA base replacing another DNA base is called an addition mutation
False
58
# T/F
substitution mutations always cause a change in the amino acid sequence
False
59
# T/F
deletion mutations cause a "frame shift" which changes all of the codons after the mutation
True
60
# T/F
allele frequencies do not equal phenotype frequencies because heterozygous individuals have recessive alleles but only show the dominant phenotype
True
61
# T/F
the Hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to estimate genotype frequencies and allele frequencies based on phenotype frequencies
True
62
# T/F
according to the Hardy-Weinberg Principle, one of the conditions for genetic equilibrium is a large population
True
63
# T/F
according to the Hardy-Weinberg Principle, allele frequencies will remain the same from generation to generation unless there is human intervention
False
64
# T/F
because populations rarely meet all five conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg Principle, most populations are evolving most of the time
True
65
# T/F
a population is evolving if its allele frequency is changing over time
True
66
# T/F
according to the Bible, populations never evolve
False
67
# T/F
immigration can disrupt genetic equilibrium because it only happens in small populations
False
68
# T/F
genetic Drift occurs when some of the males in a large population do not have the opportunity to mate
False
69
# T/F
the point of the Hardy-Weinberg Principle is that populations never change
False
70
# T/F
during his voyage around the world, Darwin made many observations about geology and biology
True
71
# T/F
Darwin was particularly curious about the animals he studied on the Galapagos Islands
True
72
# T/F
the Galapagos Islands are in the Atlantic Ocean between Great Britain and Canada
False
73
# T/F
the Galapagos Islands are hundreds of miles away from the nearest land mass
True
74
# T/F
Darwin noticed that the finches of the Galapagos Islands were similar in many ways, but that their beak structures were very different
True
75
# T/F
Darwin was unable to make any connection between beak types and the habitat in which that type of bird lived
False
76
# T/F
Darwin theorized that the many different types of finches were descended from a single type of finch
True
77
# T/F
Darwin theorized that certain beak structures enabled particular birds to survive best in particular habitats
True
78
# T/F
Natural Selection is a mechanism that can cause populations to change over time
True
79
# T/F
Natural Selection is the only mechanism that can cause populations to change over time
False
80
# T/F
Darwin concluded that Common Descent could happen even if the earth was less than 10,000 years old
False
81
# T/F
Darwinism requires that species be able to change to an unlimited degree if they are given enough time
True
82
# T/F
transitional forms show the intermediate states between an ancestral form and that of its descendants
True
83
# T/F
similar characteristics in different organisms are known as homologies
True
84
# T/F
tetrapod forelimbs show homology in that they all have one large upper bone, two smaller middle bones, and many tiny lower bones
True
85
# T/F
a vestigial structure is a non-functional structure which is the remnant of an ancestor's structure which is no longer needed
True
86
# T/F
in humans, fingernails are considered a vestigial structure
False
87
# T/F
although baleen whales do not have teeth, they develop tooth buds while they are embryos
True
88
# T/F
all cells have similar structures, organelles, and processes
True
89
# T/F
plants use very different DNA and RNA codes than animals use
False
90
# T/F
generally speaking, older rocks are found on top of younger rocks
False
91
# T/F
marsupials are found in Europe and Africa
False
92
# T/F
Operational Science involves observation and experimentation in the present
True
93
# T/F
the bias of the scientist never affects the interpretation of evidence in Historical Science
False
94
# T/F
Biblical Creationists believe that the Bible communicates the true history of the world
True
95
# T/F
Biblical Creationists believe that kinds of organisms can only change a limited amount, even over many generations
True
96
# T/F
Biblical Creationists believe that mutations often result in useful changes in a species
False
97
# T/F
Biblical Creationists believe that living things could have evolved because life lacks complexity
False
98
# T/F
Biblical Creationists find microevolution acceptable and accept evidence for it
True
99
# T/F
the connection evolutionists make between Pakicetus and whales is based on inner ear structures of incomplete fossils
True
100
# T/F
common ancestry is one possible reason for homology; a common designer is another possible reason for homology
True
101
# T/F
Biblical Creationists think it is impossible for a structure to "devolve," leading them to conclude that vestigial structures have always been useless
False
102
# T/F
whale embryos with tooth buds are excellent evidence that whales evolved from land animals
False
103
# T/F
the only possible explanation of the Earth's rock layers is that the Earth is over a billion years old
False
104
# T/F
Biblical Creationists agree with the basic principles of relative dating of rocks
True
105
# T/F
numerical dating of rocks using radioactive elements is based on unprovable assumptions
True
106
# T/F
the geographic distribution of marsupials is good evidence for common descent, because no marsupial fossils are found in Europe, Asia, or Africa
False
107
# T/F
Biblical Creationists believe that marsupials survived Noah's Flood in Australia, because Australia was not covered during the flood
False
108
# T/F
Aristotle divided plants into trees, shrubs, and herbs
True
109
# T/F
Carolus Linnaeus originally divided living things into two kingdoms called Animalia and Plantae
True
110
# T/F
in the Linnaean system, the smallest groups contain only one type of organism
True
111
# T/F
seven kingdoms have been added to the Linnaean system since Linnaeus' time
False
112
# T/F
although it has been modified, we still use Aristotle's system today
False
113
# T/F
animals are unicellular
False
114
# T/F
animals have cell walls made of chitin
False
115
# T/F
animals can be either autotrophs or heterotrophs
False
116
# T/F
many animals reproduce asexually
True
117
# T/F
all plants reproduce asexually
False
118
# T/F
plants get their food from an outside source
False
119
# T/F
plants and animals are both have nuclei in their cells
True
120
# T/F
fungi and plants both have cell walls
True
121
# T/F
fungi get their food from an outside source
True
122
# T/F
all protists have cell walls
False
123
# T/F
all protists are heterotrophs
False
124
# T/F
all protists reproduce asexually
True
125
# T/F
Eubacteria is the only kingdom with prokaryotic cells
False
126
# T/F
some Archaebacteria get their energy from chemosynthesis
True
127
# T/F
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria reproduce by producing gametes
False
128
# T/F
the place where Gregor Mendel was born was in the Austrian Empire at that time, but is now in the Czech Republic
True
129
# T/F
Gregor Mendel grew up on a farm
True
130
# T/F
Gregor Mendel was a friar and taught high school science classes
True
131
# T/F
Gregor Mendel used sunflowers and dandelions for his hybridization experiments
False
132
# T/F
Gregor Mendel found that certain traits were found in all F1 offspring and in most of the F2 offspring
True
133
# T/F
when Gregor Mendel publicized his experiments about inheritance patterns, other scientists immediately saw that he had made a breakthrough discovery
False
134
# T/F
a human cell has 46 chromosomes when it is diploid
True
135
# T/F
Meiosis is a cyclical process
False
136
# T/F
sexual reproduction cannot happen without meiosis
True
137
# T/F
in meiosis I, chromatids are separated, just like in mitosis
False
138
# T/F
the steps of meiosis II are identical to the steps of mitosis, but with a different number of chromosomes
True
139
# T/F
homologous chromosomes switch some of their parts during meiosis in a process called “crossing over”
True
140
# T/F
clones are genetically identical organisms
True
141
# T/F
a zygote is the first cell of a new living thing
True
142
# T/F
in sexual reproduction, each child gets 100% of the mother’s DNA and 100% of the father’s DNA
False
143
# T/F
gametes carry genetic information from one generation to the next generation
True
144
# T/F
having too many or too few chromosomes does not have any effect on an organism
False
145
# T/F
a nondisjunction results in gametes with too many or too few chromosomes
True
146
# Free Response
Know how to do a 2x2 punnet square and get the genotype & phenotype ratios
Yes
147
# Free Response
When are dominant alleles expressed and when are recessive alleles expressed? Use an example or two with your explanation
Dominant alleles whenever they are present, recessive alleles are expressed only when dominants are absents.
Example: If the allele for a roman nose is N and dominant and the allele for a straight nose is n and recessive then:
* NN = roman nose
* Nn = roman nose
* nn = straight nose
148
# Free Response
What are the differences between DNA and RNA
* DNA's sugar is deoxyribose; RNA's is ribose
* DNA bases are A, T, C, & G; RNA bases are A, U, C, & G
* DNA is double strand; RNA is single strand
* DNA bases are in pairs; RNA bases are unpaired
* DNA is confined to the nucleus; RNA passes between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
149
Explain why "Evidence by Example" (such as changes in the North American House Sparrows) do not provide evidence for Common Descent
The house sparrows remained the same animal so their changes were only an example of microevolution, yet Common Descent requires macroevolution
150
Which two kingdoms are the most similar to each other? Explain why
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria:
* Both have cell walls
* Both unicellular & sometimes colonial
* Both reproduce asexually
* Both are sometimes heterotrophic and sometimes autotrophic
