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biology final Flashcards

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1
Q

when e coli enters the urinary tract, common in women

A

urinary tract infection

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2
Q

these block the renal pelvis if they get too large

A

kidney stones

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3
Q

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

A

three stages of urine formation

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4
Q

blood filtering unit in the renal cortex of the kidney

A

nephron

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5
Q

network that surrounds a nephron and the function in reabsorption during urine formation

A

peritubular capillary network

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6
Q

small network for capillaries in the upper end of a nephron, where the filtration of blood takes place

A

glomerulus

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7
Q

first section of the renal tubule that the blood flows through

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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8
Q

reabsorbs water and ions from urine

A

loop of Henle

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9
Q

secretes ions, acids, drugs, toxins, and reabsorbs sodium, calcium, and water. This empties into the collecting duct

A

distal convoluted tubule

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10
Q

produce sperm and male sex hormones

A

testes

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11
Q

ducts where sperm mature

A

epididymis

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12
Q

where sperm are stored, the smooth muscles here cause ejaculation

A

vas deferens

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13
Q

sperm from the ejaculatory ducts enter here, this is a common duct for sperm and urine

A

urethra

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14
Q

produces fluid in semen, and produces fructose (which nourishes sperm)

A

seminal vesicles

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15
Q

between the tubules, they secrete testosterone

A

leydig cells

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16
Q

inside the tubules, support and nourish the sperm

A

sertoli cells

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17
Q

what stimulates sertoli cells and help sperm production

A

FSH on testes

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18
Q

What stimulates leydig cells that oversee producing testosterone?

A

LH on testes

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19
Q

what stimulates follicle growth; making the follicles secrete estrogen

A

FSH on the ovaries

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20
Q

what triggers ovulation and ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum

A

LH on the ovaries

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21
Q

what does FSH do during the follicular phase?

A

activates follicle to develop, which secretes estrogen

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22
Q

What triggers ovulation?

A

LH surge at mid-cycle

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23
Q

What is the corpus luteum and what is its role?

A

a remnant of ruptured follicle that becomes a gland. It secretes estrogen and progesterone. Progesterone builds up the endometrium and inhibits FSH from developing a new follicle and LH from triggering ovulation

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24
Q

If the egg is not fertilized what happens?

A

a drop in estrogen and progesterone causes endometrium cells to die. (menstration) This drop in hormones allows FSH to mature a new follicle to start the cycle again, and the LH to ovulate that follicle

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25
What hormone is detected by a pregnancy test?
HCG hormone
26
endocrine gland within the ovary that plays a role in regulation of the menstrual cycle and early pregnancy
corpus luteum
27
mucus membrane lining the uterus
endometrium
28
describe how hormones are specific to target cells
hormone cells are specific to their receptors, they cannot connect to every receptor
29
what hormone interacts with the receptor on the surface of the cell?
Protein hormone
30
what hormone is hydrophobic and can enter the cell easily like lipids
steroid hormones
31
inability to maintain glucose homeostasis, excess glucose in urine and lots of water in urine
diabetes mellitus
32
juvenile diabetes, insufficient insulin secretion, if untreated this leads to ketoacidosis, treated with insulin injection
type 1 diabetes
33
adult diabetes, low insulin produced, receptors do not take in insulin, fat cell release chemical that interferes with receptors. Treated with insulin, diet, and exercise
type 11 diabetes
34
sets the metabolic machinery in motion and is a second messenger
cAMP
35
secrete glucose
alpha cells
36
secrete insulin
beta cells
37
an impaired response of the body to insulin, resulting in elevated levels of glucose in the blood
insulin resistance
38
Target tissue is the kidney, function is: blood solute concentration is too high, this causes kidneys to reabsorb water
Antidiuretic
39
target tissue: uterus and mammary glands | Function: causes uterine contractions and milk letdown
oxytocin
40
target tissue: anterior pituitary | function: tells anterior pituitary to release thyroid stimulating hormone
thyroid releasing hormone
41
target tissue: thyroid | Function: tells thyroid to release thyroxine
thyroid stimulating hormone
42
target tissue: all tissue function: maintains basal metabolic rate, increases protein production, glucose levels, lipid synthesis, heart rate, and maintains mood and sleep.
thyroxine
43
thyroid that is a disorder from thyroxine
goiter
44
target cell: liver function: after a meal it tells the liver to take up glucose and store it as glycogen. Decreasing glucose levels in your blood.
insulin
45
target tissue: liver and muscles | Function: while fasting, tells liver to breakdown glycogen into glucose, this causes increase glucose in the blood.
glucagon
46
know the vessels through blood blows through the nephron (RAGEPR)
renal artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillary network, renal vein.
47
know the tubes through which filtrate flows through the nephron (BPLDC)
Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, loop of henle, distal tubule, collecting duct.
48
stage of development where the cells divide but do not increase in size
cleavage
49
stage of development where cells increase in size
growth
50
stage of development where the embryo assumes shape
morphogenesis
51
stage of development where the cells take on specific structures and functions
differentiation
52
an embryo when it reaches the uterine cavity
blastocyst
53
what happens to the inner cell mass of a blastocyst
it becomes an embryo
54
what happens to the outer cells of a blastocyst
they become a chorion
55
What does the endoderm develop into
digestive system
56
what does the mesoderm develop into
muscle and connective tissue
57
what does the ectoderm develop into?
epidermis and nervous system
58
these carry deoxygenated blood from fetal tissues to placenta
umbilical arteries
59
carry oxygenated blood from fetal tissues to placenta
umbilical veins
60
hole in between right and left atria, some oxygenated blood entering the right atrium is diverted to the left atrium
foramen ovule
61
pulmonary artery to aorta, most fetal blood bypasses the lungs
ductus arteriosus
62
the first cell of a person
zygote
63
the extra cellular matrix that surrounds the plasma membrane of the egg
zona pellucida
64
caps the head of the sperm
acrosome
65
cells divide but do not increase in size
cleavage
66
who believed that we acquire traits throughout life, and those are passed to our offspring
Lamarck
67
who believed in natural selection; those with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
Darwin
68
when humans select who they want to breed
artificial selection
69
what are the three requirements for natural selection to occur
variation, competition, heritability
70
individuals are different through DNA mutation, immigration, and meiosis (independent assortment/crossing over)
variation
71
variation allows some to better survive and reproduce
competition
72
advantageous traits must be passed onto the offspring
heritability
73
they have the same evolutionary origin and similar anatomy (not the same)
homologous (ex: forelimb bones)
74
not the same evolutionary origin, not similar in anatomy, but they do not have the same function
analogous (ex: flippers and fins)
75
anatomical features present in our ancestors, but no longer serve us a function; l
vestigial structures (post-anal tails and gill pouches in humans)
76
survival of the fittest
natural selection
77
when humans pick what they reproduce
artificial selection
78
tiktoalik
transition from fish to amphibian
79
archaeopteryx
transition from reptile to bird
80
spinal cord in humans vs chimpanzee
humans have a spinal cord that exits from the center of the skull vs, the rear of the skull
81
spine shape in humans vs chimpanzee's
humans have an s-shaped vs. c-shaped spine
82
pelvis in humans vs. chimpanzee
humans have a broad bowl-shaped pelvis vs. narrow tall pelvis.
83
femur in humans vs. chimpanzee
humans have a femur that points toward knees vs. away
84
knee joint strength in humans vs. chimpanzee
humans have strong knee joint vs. weak knee joint
85
foot shape in humans vs. chimpanzee
humans have an arched foot vs. flat foot
86
toes in humans vs chimpanzee
humans have a big toe fixed vs opposable
87
what major group of primates do humans belong to?
anthropoids
88
what are nodes in an evolutionary tree
common ancestor
89
what are branches in an evolutionary tree
lineage
90
the longer a species has branched off from the ancestor, the more unique mutation is accumulates, the more different it becomes from the ancestor
molecular clock
91
diverged from earlier homo island dwarfism, 3 feet tall
homo floresiensis
92
large jaws and prominent brow ridge, more muscular than humans. interbred with humans
homo neanderthalensis
93
what humans are today
homo sapiens
94
what is false regarding the placenta
it allows blood from the mom and fetus to mix
95
The embryonic yolk sac functions to:
produce blood cells before bone marrow forms
96
what does the sperm use to penetrate the egg?
digestive enzymes

biology final (1 decks)

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