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biology final exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain how cancer occurs.

A

Cancer occurs due to mutations in genes. The two types of tumors are benign (non-cancerous) and malignant (cancerous).

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2
Q

What are the differences in DNA and RNA?

A

DNA is double-stranded and uses thymine as a base. RNA is single-stranded and uses uracil.

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3
Q

What are the base pairing rules for DNA?

A

A-T
C-G

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4
Q

What are the base pairing rules for RNA?

A

A-U
C-G

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5
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.

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6
Q

Describe what happens during mitosis.

A

Mitosis consists of several phases: prophase (chromosomes condense), metaphase (chromosomes align at the center), anaphase (sister chromatids separate), and telophase (nuclear membranes reform).

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7
Q

What happens if there is a mutation in a gene that regulates the cell cycle?

A

A mutation in a gene that regulates the cell cycle can lead to uncontrolled cell division, resulting in cancer.

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8
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing gametes for sexual reproduction.

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9
Q

What is crossing over?

A

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, increasing genetic diversity.

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10
Q

What is the result of mitosis and cytokinesis?

A

The result of mitosis and cytokinesis is two genetically identical daughter cells.

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11
Q

What are the base pairing rules in RNA?

A

In RNA, adenine pairs with uracil (A-U) and cytosine pairs with guanine (C-G).

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12
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that can affect gene function.

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13
Q

What are the two purposes of the cell cycle?

A

The two purposes of the cell cycle are to enable cell growth and to ensure proper cell division.

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14
Q

Draw the steps of Mitosis.

A

Mitosis involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, resulting in two identical daughter cells.

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15
Q

What is transcription?

A

Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template, occurring in the nucleus.

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16
Q

What is translation?

A

Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA, occurring in the cytoplasm.

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17
Q

What are the names and functions of the 3 types of RNA?

A

The three types of RNA are mRNA (messenger RNA, carries genetic information), tRNA (transfer RNA, brings amino acids), and rRNA (ribosomal RNA, forms the core of ribosomes).

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18
Q

What is a codon?

A

A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that specifies an amino acid.

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19
Q

How many codon combinations are there?

A

There are 64 codon combinations, but only 20 different amino acids, leading to redundancy in the genetic code.

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20
Q

Do all cells in a single organism contain the same genetic information?

A

Yes, all cells in an organism contain the same genetic information, originating from a single fertilized egg.

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21
Q

Why do cells in the same organism look and act differently?

A

Cells look and act differently due to differential gene expression, where different genes are turned on or off.

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22
Q

What is a mutation? Are mutations beneficial or harmful?

A

A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence. Mutations can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral.

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23
Q

What are 3 types of mutations that can happen within a single gene?

A

The three types of mutations are substitution (one base is replaced), insertion (extra base is added), and deletion (base is removed). Each can affect the resulting protein and organism.

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24
Q

Replicate the DNA strand below.

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A

The replicated strand of ATATACTTTGCGATGGCTATTCAGACT is TATATGAAACGCTACCGATAAGTCTGA. This occurs in the nucleus.

25
Transcribe and Translate the DNA strand below.
Transcription of ATATACTTTGCGATGGCTATTCAGACT produces UAUAGAAACGCUACCGUAAGUCUGA. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm.
26
What is the difference in monohybrid and dihybrid Punnett squares?
Monohybrid Punnett squares analyze one trait, while dihybrid squares analyze two traits.
27
What is a dominant trait?
A dominant trait is expressed in the phenotype even if only one allele is present.
28
What is a recessive trait?
A recessive trait is expressed in the phenotype only when two copies of the allele are present.
29
What is homozygous vs. heterozygous regarding genetics?
Homozygous means having two identical alleles for a trait, while heterozygous means having two different alleles.
30
What is the difference in codominance and incomplete dominance?
In codominance, both alleles are fully expressed (e.g., AB blood type), while in incomplete dominance, the phenotype is a blend (e.g., red and white flowers producing pink).
31
In tomatoes, yellow fruit and dwarf vines are recessive traits.
The phenotype ratio from the cross will depend on the Punnett square results.
32
Explain the difference between codominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and polygenic inheritance.
Codominance shows both traits, incomplete dominance shows a blend, multiple alleles involve more than two alleles, and polygenic inheritance involves multiple genes affecting a trait.
33
In one family, the mother has type A blood and the father has type B blood.
Their daughter's type O blood indicates both parents are heterozygous. The son can donate blood to both parents.
34
List and describe the four principles of natural selection.
The four principles are variation (differences in traits), inheritance (traits passed to offspring), selection (some traits are favored), and time (changes occur over generations).
35
DEFINE evolution and natural selection AND DESCRIBE how they are RELATED.
Evolution is the change in species over time, while natural selection is the process by which favorable traits become more common. They are related as natural selection drives evolution.
36
Explain how over many generations there a change in the ostrich population will be.
Over generations, faster ostriches are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to a population that is predominantly fast-running.
37
What is the difference between natural selection and artificial selection?
Natural selection occurs through environmental pressures, while artificial selection is driven by human choices.
38
Of the different types of evidence that you have examined, which do you think he relied upon the most?
Darwin relied most on comparative anatomy and fossil records to support his theory of evolution.
39
Given the amount of research and evidence available on evolution, why is it classified as a theory?
Evolution is classified as a theory because it is a well-supported explanation based on extensive evidence, but it is still subject to testing and refinement.
40
What is meant by Darwin’s term ‘natural selection’?
Natural selection refers to the process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.
41
What does speciation mean?
Speciation is the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.
42
What is an adaptation?
An adaptation is a trait that enhances an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment.
43
What are the 4 types of evidence for evolution?
The four types are fossil records, comparative anatomy, molecular biology, and biogeography, each providing insights into evolutionary relationships.
44
What does homeostasis mean?
Homeostasis is the process by which living organisms maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.
45
What role does the circulatory, excretory, and respiratory play in human homeostasis?
The circulatory system transports nutrients and oxygen, the excretory system removes waste, and the respiratory system exchanges gases, all crucial for maintaining homeostasis.
46
Know how to label the digestive, respiratory, circulatory, and excretory systems.
Labeling these systems involves identifying organs such as the stomach, lungs, heart, and kidneys.
47
Where does the digestive tract begin and end?
The digestive tract begins at the mouth and ends at the anus.
48
Explain the process of peristalsis.
Peristalsis is the rhythmic contraction of muscles in the digestive tract that moves food along.
49
What is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion?
Mechanical digestion involves physical breakdown of food, while chemical digestion involves enzymatic breakdown of food.
50
Name at least THREE organs of the excretory system.
Three organs of the excretory system are the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.
51
What is the function of the kidneys?
The kidneys filter blood to remove waste and excess substances, producing urine.
52
What are the three parts of the circulatory system?
The three parts are the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
53
How many chambers does the human heart have?
The human heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.
54
Differentiate between arteries and veins.
Arteries carry blood away from the heart, while veins carry blood back to the heart.
55
What are the three types of muscles?
The three types of muscles are skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
56
Differentiate between ligaments and tendons.
Ligaments connect bones to other bones, while tendons connect muscles to bones.
57
Of the three types of muscles, name which are voluntary and involuntary.
Skeletal muscles are voluntary, while smooth and cardiac muscles are involuntary.
58
Explain how your skeletal system protects and supports organs.
The skeletal system provides a framework that supports the body and protects vital organs.

Civics (4 decks)

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