Biology Final Exam

Question 1

Glycolysis

Answer 1

Glucose into Pyruvate

Question 2

Oxidation of Pyruvate

Answer 2

Pyruvate into Acetyl CoA

Question 3

Kreb’s Cycle

Answer 3

Acetyl CoA into ATP into Electron Transport Molecules (ETM);
NADH + FADH2

Question 4

Oxidation Phosphoration

Answer 4

ETM donates electrons to the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Electrons fall down the ETC releasing energy as they drop. O2 is the last electron receptor in the ETC
Energy is used to pump protons into the intermembrane space
Protons flow through the ATP Synthase turning a turbine which
produces the energy to make ATP

Question 5

Purpose of Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Answer 5

Mitosis splits one cell into two identical cells with an exact copy of the DNA
Meiosis cuts the number of chromosomes in half so that you end up with 4 per every 1 chromosome

Question 6

Meiosis I

Answer 6

Goal is to separate homologous chromosomes (2-copy)

Question 7

Prophase I

Answer 7

Nuclear membrane breaks down at the homologous chromosomes

Question 8

Metaphase I

Answer 8

Homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Question 9

Anaphase I

Answer 9

Homologous chromosomes split up and move to the poles of the cell

Question 10

Telephase I

Answer 10

Nuclear membrane reforms around the 2 sets of the 2-copy chromosomes and the cell begins to split

Question 11

Miosis II

Answer 11

Goal is to separate the 2-copy chromosomes into 1-copy chromosomes

Question 12

Prophase II

Answer 12

Nuclear membrane breaks down the 2-copy chromosomes

Question 13

Metaphase II

Answer 13

2-copy chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Question 14

Anaphase II

Answer 14

2-copy chromosomes split into 1-copy chromosomes and move up to the poles of the cell

Question 15

Telephase II

Answer 15

Nuclear envelope reforms around 2 sets of 1-copy chromosomes and then the cell splits apart

Question 16

. W W
w Ww Ww
w Ww Ww

Answer 16

Phenotype = 100% with widow peak alleles
Genotype = alleles 100% Ww

Question 17

Attachment

Answer 17

The virus attaches to a bacterium cell and injects its DNA into the host cell

Question 18

Replication

Answer 18

The virus destroys the host cell’s DNA and uses the host cell’s “machinery” to replicate its own DNA

Question 19

Synthase of Viral Proteins

Answer 19

All virus’ protein’s get made by the host cell’s ribosomes

Question 20

Assemble and Release

Answer 20

Now virus’ are assembled (prokinetic and DNA) and released to infect other cells

Question 21

Neorovascular Plants

Answer 21

Grow taller

Question 22

Vascular Seedless Plants

Answer 22

Reproduce using spores

Question 23

Gymnosperms

Answer 23

Reproduce with seeds that are in cones (conifers)

Question 24

Angeosperms

Answer 24

Flowering plants that reproduce using seeds

Question 25

Muscle Contractions

Answer 25

1. Nerve impulse causes Ca2+ to be released into the sarcomere. 2. Ca2+ binds to the troponin, which moves tropomyosin, revealing the myosin binding site. 3. The myosin heads attach to the actin forming across a bridge and shortens the sarcomere in a power stroke 4. ATP is required for the muscles to relax

Question 26

Mutualism

Answer 26

A relationship where both organisms benefit (ex. lichen / tree)

Question 27

Commensalism

Answer 27

A relationship where one organism benefits and another organism is unaffected/benefits (ex. barnicles / turtles shells)

Question 28

Parasitism

Answer 28

A relationship where one organism benefits and another is harmed (misquitos / spanish moss or humans)

Question 29

Structure and Reproduction of a Flower

Answer 29

1. Anther- male part of flower, produces pollen 2. Pollen lands and sticks to the stigma, the female part of the flower 3. Pollen breaks open and a pollen tube goes down the style 4. Sperm fertilizes eggs to become embyro which lays the endosperm (2nd fertilization) inside the seed

Question 30

Path of Blood Through the Heart

Answer 30

Upper and lower vena cava Right atrium Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Pulmonary valve Pulmonary artery Lungs Pulmonary vein Left Atrium Mitral Valve Left ventricle Aortic valve Aorta Rest of body

Question 31

Six Modern Tenets of Cell Theory

Answer 31

1. All organisms are made of cells 2. Cells are the basic units of life 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells 4. Genetic material is passed from parent to daughter cells 5. All cells are similar in chemical composition 6. All energy flow occurs within cells

Question 32

Examples of Porifera

Answer 32

Sycon (also called Scypha), Spongilla (a freshwater sponge), Euplectella (Venus flower basket), and Cliona (a boring sponge)

Question 33

Examples of Cnidaria

Answer 33

Portuguese man o' war, Sea anemone

Question 34

Examples of Platyhelminthes

Answer 34

Tapeworms, Turbellaria, Flukes

Question 35

Examples of Nematoda

Answer 35

Roundworms

Question 36

Examples of Mollusca

Answer 36

Gastropods, Octopus

Question 37

Examples of Annelida

Answer 37

Earthworm, Leech

Question 38

Examples of Arthropoda

Answer 38

Insects, Scorpions

Question 39

Examples of Echinodermata

Answer 39

Starfish, Sea urchins, Brittle stars

Question 40

Examples of Chordata

Answer 40

Human, Reptiles, Dog