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Biology Final Exam Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Which process enables the production of haploid (1N) gametes from diploid (2N) cells in sexually-reproducing individuals?

A

Meiotic cell division (meiosis)

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2
Q

Why did Gregor Mendel use the monohybrid crossing experiment?

A

To investigate the mechanisms that govern inheritance.

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3
Q

DNA contains which purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine

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4
Q

RNA contains which pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine and Uracil

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5
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases found in DNA?

A

adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine

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6
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases found in RNA?

A

adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil

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7
Q

You recently isolated a double-stranded DNA molecule with 1000 purines and 1000 pyrimidines. This molecule could consist of precisely…

A

1000 guanine and 1000 cytosine nucleotides

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8
Q

Which property of the DNA molecule allows cells to recognize DNA damage and repair this damage?

A

The ability of complementary base pairs to interact by forming hydrogen bonds

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9
Q

Which bases form the hydrogen bonds that enable the two strands of the double helix to bind to one another so effectively?

A

Adenine forms 2 bonds with thymine, and guanine forms 3 bonds with cytosine

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10
Q

In all single-cell species and multi-cell species, which molecule stores the exact sequence of amino acids in every protein and the exact sequence of nucleotides in every specialized RNA molecule?

A

DNA

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11
Q

Where is DNA localized within most human cell types?

A

Nuclei and mitochondria

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12
Q

Lipids play many roles in animals and plants. What function is not performed by lipids in plants?

A

Catalysis

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13
Q

Which combination of lipids would be expected to occur in cellular membranes?

A

Phospholipids, steroids

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14
Q

Which specific type of biological molecules interact with one another, in the presence of water, to form a lipid bilayer?

A

Phospholipids

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15
Q

The human body instructs a specific population of adult stem cells to divide when a new supply of cells is required. How do our bodies accomplish this?

A

Go-Signals and their receptors

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16
Q

The human body regulates the cell cycle with great precision. Which mechanism evaluates critical biochemical events at specific points in the cell cycle?

A

Checkpoints

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17
Q

Where does Meiosis occur?

A

in our ovaries and testes

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18
Q

What result of meiotic cell division increases the probability that sexually-reproducing populations can adapt to changing environmental conditions?

A

increased genetic variation in populations

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19
Q

Which characteristic of benign tumors makes them easier to treat than malignant tumors?

A

Cells in the benign tumor cannot metastasize

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20
Q

Which cancer treatment is intended to train the immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells?

A

Vaccination

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21
Q

Where does translation typically occur in our cells?

A

Blood and Cytoplasm/cytosol

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22
Q

Some cancer cells have the ability to release a growth factor (large, hydrophilic protein) that stimulates angiogenesis. Which mechanism exports multiple copies of this growth factor to the extra-cellular space (outside of the cell)?

A

Exocytosis

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23
Q

Our cells use different mechanisms to transport different types of substances (size, chemical properties) across the cell membrane. Our cells would require an active transport protein to perform which function?

A

Transport a hydrophilic substance from lower to higher concentration

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24
Q

What is an accurate definition of a mutation?

A

A change in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule

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25
Which gene would not be considered a proto-oncogene?
Gene C encodes an enzyme that repairs DNA
26
Which category of genes encodes proteins that stimulate cell division in a highly regulated manner?
Proto-oncogenes
27
How can abnormal splicing increase the risk of cancer?
A protein is produced that is not destroyed by the proteasome
28
Which type of processing allows a single gene to produce different versions of a polypeptide that are specialized for specific cell types?
Alternative Splicing
29
A source of energy is required to synthesize the biological molecules produced during transcription and translation. Which source of energy specifically drives the translation process?
GTP
30
Which specialized type of RNA quickly and efficiently delivers amino acids to the translation machinery so they can be joined together during the translation process?
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
31
What term is used to describe the different versions of a single gene that often exist in the human population
Allele
32
Which theory describes how the information stored in a gene is copied into a RNA molecule during transcription and how the information in this RNA molecule is used to make a polypeptide (protein) during translation?
Central Dogma
33
We discussed how some genetic disorders (Down, Klinefelter, and Turner Syndrome) can result from errors made during meiotic cell division. Which specific process can result in aneuploid gametes?
Non-disjunction
34
We discussed the relevant events that occur during meiosis 1 and meiosis 2. Which essential event occurs during meiosis 2?
Sister chromatid separation
35
Each autosome (chromosomes 1-22) in the sperm or egg you produce can contain alleles from both your mother's and father's homologous chromosomes. Which process makes this possible?
Crossing over
36
The goal of your research team is to develop a new drug that prevents the cancer cells in a tumor from receiving sufficient quantities of glucose and oxygen. This new anti-cancer drug should inhibit which specific process?
Angiogenesis
37
Which mutation would have the highest probability of allowing a cancer cell to metastasize?
A mutation that reduces the ability of cancer cells to bind to one another
38
Which membrane transport proteins are specialized to transport small, hydrophilic elements such as K+, Na+, Ca++, or Cl- from higher to lower concentration?
channel proteins
39
Some of our white blood cells have the ability to uptake a foreign invader and destroy it. A mutant white blood cell cannot uptake a virus it detected. This mutant white blood cell probably cannot perform which process?
Phagocytosis
40
Some cancer cells have the ability to release a growth factor (large, hydrophilic protein) that stimulates angiogenesis. Which mechanism exports multiple copies of this growth factor to the extra-cellular space (outside of the cell)?
Exocytosis
41
Our cells use different mechanisms to transport different types of substances (size, chemical properties) across the cell membrane. Our cells would require an active transport protein to perform which function?
Transport a hydrophilic substance from lower to higher concentration
42
Which organelles contribute to the synthesis of cellular membranes?
Golgi Apparatus and Endoplasmic Reticulum
43
What is one example of how our cells use pinocytosis?
Import food molecules dissolved in extra-cellular fluid
44
Which gene probably is a proto-oncogene?
Gene A encodes a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)
45
Which category of genes encodes proteins that inhibit cell division in a highly regulated manner?
Tumor Suppressor
46
Which enzyme copies the information stored in a gene during transcription to make a messenger RNA molecule (transcript)?
RNA Polymerase
47
The elimination of which nucleotide sequence would prevent RNA Polymerase from binding to and transcribing a specific gene?
Promoter
48
How can abnormal splicing increase the risk of cancer?
A protein is produced that is not destroyed by the proteasome
49
A new antibiotic was recently discovered that inhibits the translation process in disease-causing (pathogenic) bacteria. This antibiotic probably inhibits -
Ribosome
50
A source of energy is required to synthesize the biological molecules produced during transcription and translation. Which source of energy specifically drives the translation process?
GTP
51
Which principle of inheritance did not result from Mendel's monohybrid crossing experiments?
The chloroplast is an organelle that contains DNA
52
Why do recessive disorders only develop when an individual inherits two copies of a loss of function allele?
No functional enzyme or protein is produced
53
Which type of cross should she use to determine if the genotype of this tomato plant is homozygous dominant or heterozygous?
Test Cross
54
Cytoplasmic inheritance in humans is due to the inheritance of which organelle?
Mitochondrion
55
) Some of Mendel’s rules have been extended to account for some aspects of inheritance that were difficult to investigate using monohybrid or dihybrid crossing experiments in pea. What is one example of a more recent discovery?
One trait can be regulated by many genes (polygenic inheritance)
56
What does Ploidy mean?
the number of chromosome sets in the nucleus
57
Which mutation probably would not influence gene expression
A mutation that changes one amino acid in the protein the gene encodes
58
When analyzing a pedigree, which observation would suggest that a trait is transmitted in an autosomal recessive manner?
The parents share a common ancestor
59
Which specific term is used to describe an allele that influences two or more aspects of an individual's phenotype?
Pleiotropic
60
A pedigree shows that a father affected by a specific disorder has ten children who are all healthy (unaffected). This disorder trait probably is transmitted in which manner?
Cytoplasmic inheritance
61
Every affected child in a pedigree has one affected male parent or one affected female parent. Which type of transmission does this observation indicate?
Autosomal dominant
62
What type of experiment did Mendel design to determine if the alleles of two different genes move as a linked pair into gametes during meiosis?
Dihybrid Cross
63
Which mutation is not an example of a chromosomal abnormality?
Nonsense
64
The "Haplo-Insufficiency Hypothesis" relates to which type of genetic disorders?
Dominant
65
Why does the information stored in the alleles of a single gene differ?
Different nucleotide sequences
66
While using a light microscope to examine the nucleus of a plant cell, you observed that the nucleus contained eight sets of chromosomes rather than the normal complement of two sets of chromosomes. This is an example of -
Polyploidy
67
A mutation occurred where one block of genes from one chromosome was attached to a different chromosome. This is an example of a
Translocation
68
A point mutation occurred in a gene that codes for a polypeptide (protein). This mutation resulted in the production of a polypeptide that consists of substantially fewer amino acids. This is an example of a
Nonsense Mutation
69
A point mutation occurred in a gene that codes for a polypeptide (protein). This mutation does not change the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide encoded by this gene. This is an example of a
Silent (Synonymous) Mutation
70
This product of pyruvate oxidation enters the krebs cycle in order to continue to release of useful energy
CoA
71
The eight enzymes that interact to form the krebs cycle are localized to this compartment in the mitochondrion
Matrix
72
The krebs cycle occurs within this organelle in eukaryotic cells
mitochondrion
73
The krebs cycle yields three energy rich products that are used to make ATP in these mitochondrion
NADH, NADH2, GTP
74
As food molecules are being processed in the krebs cucle to release useful energy, is CO2 produced as a waste product?
yes
75
The energy payoff phase reactions of glycolysis yield three energy rich compounds
ATP, NADH, Pyruvate
76
Our cells control the overall rate of glycolysis by regulating the activity of a single enzyme in the glycolysis pathway. this enzyme is...
Pyruvate Kinase
77
This product of glycolysis can be used immediately in the cytoplasm/cytosol of our cells to support endergoing reactions
ATP
78
A source of chemical energy is required to support the energy investment reactions of glycolysis. the energy rich compound that supports these reactions is...
ATP
79
Glycolyis consists of a series of ten interacting enzymes that begin to release useful energy from glucose. These enzymes are localized to this part of the eukaryotic cell.
Cytosol
80
Why is TRANSCRIPT (mRNA) PROCESSING IN THE NUCLEUS AFTER | TRANSCRIPTION IS ESSENTIAL
Proper Gene Expression
81
Where does transcription occur?
NUCLEI, MITOCHONDRIA, AND CHLOROPLASTS

Biology (2 decks)

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