Biology Final Review Flashcards
(179 cards)
1
Q
What is the definition of a protist?
A
A single-called organism of the kingdom Protista.
Any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, plant, or fungus.
2
Q
What are the common protists and the diseases they cause?
A
Trypanosoma protozoa cause Chagas disease and sleeping sickness. Giardia protozoa cause giardiasis, and Plasmodium protozoa cause malaria
3
Q
How are protists classified?
A
Animal-like, plant-like and fungus-like
4
Q
Plantlike protists must contain what to be able to carry out photosynthesis?
A
Chloroplasts
5
Q
How do fungus like protists get their energy?
A
By absorbing nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter
6
Q
How are animal-like protists classified?
A
Heterotrophs and are capable of moving
7
Q
What is the definition of a fungus?
A
Plant-like organism that does not make chlorophyll
8
Q
Fungi living in the vaginal canal are in constant competition with what other microorganisms?
A
Bacteria
9
Q
How do most fungi feed?
A
On nutrients from decaying matter in the soil as well as parasites absorbing nutrients from the bodies of their hosts.
10
Q
How do fungi reproduce?
A
Asexually and sexually
11
Q
What is hyphae in Fungus terms?
A
Tiny filament that makes up a multicellular fungus or a water mold
12
Q
What is mycelium in fungus terms?
A
Many hyphae tangled together into a thick mass composes the bodies of multicellular fungi
13
Q
What is stolon in fungus terms?
A
A stemlike hyphae that runs along the surface of an object
14
Q
What is rhizoids in fungus terms?
A
Root hair that anchors the plant and conducts water
15
Q
What are lichens?
A
Symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism; can survive in harsh environments
16
Q
What type of environments can lichens survive in?
A
Harsh
17
Q
What is the most important role of fungi in our environment?
A
Pioneer species
18
Q
When yeast ferments, what gas is it putting off to allow bread to rise?
A
Carbon Dioxide
19
Q
Common fungi
A
Agaricus bisporus
Amanita phalloides
20
Q
Diseases caused by common fungi
A
Ring worm
Athletes foot
Jocks itch
Yeast infections
21
Q
What are fungi cell wells composed of?
A
Hyphae, mycelium, fruiting body
22
Q
What is the definition of a plant?
A
Kingdom of multicellular photosynthetic autotrophs that have cell walls containing cellulose
23
Q
What are the major functions of stems in plants?
A
Supporting structure that connects roots and leaves and carries water and nutrients between them
24
Q
What is the main function of cuticles?
A
A thick, waxy layer on exposed outer surfaces of cells that protects them from water loss and injury
25
What is the main function of epidermis?
Makes up the dermal tissue or outer covering of a plant
26
What is the main function of mesophyll?
Specialized ground up tissue that makes up the bulk of most leaves performs most of a plants photosynthesis
27
What is the main function of xylem?
Vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant
28
What is the main function of phloem?
Vascular tissue responsible for the transport of nutrients and the carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis
29
What is the main function of guard cells?
Specialized cell in the epidermis of plants that controls the opening and closing of the stomata by responding to changes in water pressure
30
What is the main function of the stomata?
Opening in the underside of a lead that allows carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse into and out of the leaf
31
What the is the different between monocot angiosperm and dicot?
Angiosperm whose seeds have 1 cotyledon
Angiosperms whose seeds have 2 cotyledons
Embryo of a plant that is encased in a protective covering and surrounded by a food supply
32
What all does the seed contain?
Main photosynthetic systems, increase the amount of sunlight plants absorb,
33
What vare the major functions of the leaves?
Main photosynthetic system, increases the amount of sunlight absorbed, conserves water while letting oxygen and carbon dioxide enter and exit the leaf
34
What are the 3 tropisms and what cause them to occur?
Phototropism
35
Function of the petal
36
Function of the carpel
37
Function of the pistil
38
Function of the Stigma
39
Function of the style
40
Function of the ovary
41
Function of the Ovule
42
Function of the stamen
43
Function of the filament
44
Function of the anther
45
Function of the sepal
46
What are ways that seeds can be dispersed?
47
How does fruit help with seed dispersal?
48
The term “vascular tissue” refers to what
49
Moving to land requires plants to develop what types of adaptations?
50
What are plant cell walls composed of?
51
What is fruit?
52
What is the definition of an animal?
53
What does cephalization refer to
54
What types of symmetry can cephalization be found in?
55
What is the different between an open/closed circulatory system?
56
Would animals with simple nervous systems be able to exhibit complex behaviors?
57
What is the difference between an invertebrate and vertebrate?
58
The chordate phylum is very special because it requires what 4 characteristics?
59
What are the 4 basic types of tissue in the human body?
Cardiac
60
What are the levels of organization in the human body
Cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
61
What is homeostasis and 2 examples
62
What are the major functions of the lymphatic system
63
What are the major functions of the nervous system
64
What are the major functions of the excretory system
65
What are the major functions of the reproductive system
66
What are the major functions of the respiratory system
67
What are the major functions of the skeletal system
68
What are the major functions of the muscular system
69
What are the major functions of the endocrine system
70
What are the major functions of the integumentary system
71
What are the major functions of the circulatory
72
What are the major structures of the lymphatic system
73
What are the major structures of the nervous system
74
What are the major structures of the excretory system
75
What are the major structures of the reproductive system
76
What are the major structures of the respiratory system
77
What are the major structures of the skeletal system
78
What are the major structures of the muscular system
79
What are the major structures of the endocrine system
80
What are the major structures of the integumentary system
81
What are the major structures of the circulatory system
82
Sweating, urination and respiration are all related because they all allow the body to red itself of excess what?
83
Monomers of a protein
Amino acids
84
Monomers of carbohydrates
85
Monomers of nucleic acid
Nucleotides
86
Monomers of lipids
87
Functions of protein
88
Functions of carbohydrates
89
Functions of nucleic acids
90
Functions of lipids
91
Father of Evolution
Charles Darwin
92
What islands did Charles Darwin explore and gain the majority of his information from?
Galapagos
93
What were the main ideas that Darwin proposed?
Survival of the fittest, natural selection and evolution
94
What was Darwin’s work titled, and why did Darwin wait so long to publish his work?
Origin of the Species
95
What does the term “survival of the fittest” mean?
The organism(s) most fit for the environment will survive.
96
What does the term “natural selection” mean?
Nature chooses the best to continue
97
What people influenced Charles Darwin?
98
What physical structures were evidence of evolution to Darwin?
99
What does the term “fitness” mean?
100
Vestigial structure is
101
Homologous structure is
102
Analogous structure is
103
Who was Carlous Linnaeus and what was his major contribution to science?
104
What is binomial nomenclature?
105
What is the order of classification from domain to species?
106
What are the 2 major categories of cells and how do you determine the differences between them?
107
What are the 3 shapes of bacteria/viruses
108
What are the 2 major categories of bacteria and how do you know the difference between them
Archaebacteria and
109
How are bacteria helpful/harmful
110
What is the basic structure of a virus?
111
What is a vaccine and what does it do?
112
What does a Gram staining test show?
113
What are antibiotics and what do they do?
114
Common bacteria diseases
115
Common viral diseases
116
Levels of organization organism->biosphere
Organism, population, community, ecosystem,biosphere
117
Producer
118
Autotroph
119
Consumer
120
Heterotroph
121
Decomposer
122
Herbivore
123
Omnivore
124
Carnivore
125
Scavenger
126
Detrivore
127
What is the 10% rule and where does the other 90% go?
128
What is nitrogen fixation, what organism does it affect and why is it important?
129
Energy in the living environment flows in how many directions?
130
Nutrients in the living environment flow in how many directions?
131
A valid hypothesis must be
An if then statement.
132
A valid hypothesis is based on what
133
How many variables are tested in a controlled experiment?
One at a time
134
What are the characteristics of a living thing?
Move, breathe, reproduce, grow
135
Biology is the study of?
LIFE
136
Part and function of: nucleus
Regulates the cells activities, growth,
137
Part and function of: ribosome
Protein Synthesis
138
Part and function of: mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell,
139
Part and function of: cell membrane
Regulates what enters and exits the cell.
140
Part and function of: cell wall
Provides strength and protection against mechanical and osmotic stress.
141
Part and function of: Golgi apparatus
Helps package and process proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell.
142
Part and function of: Endoplasmic Reticulum
Produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function
143
Part and function of: lysosome
Break down macromolecules into their constituent parts, which are then recycled
144
Part and function of: flagella
Movement
145
Part and function of: cilia
Move microbes and debris up and out of the airways (triggers coughs)
146
Part and function of: central vacuole
Acts as a storage place for water and other molecules in the cell.
147
Part and function of: chloroplast
Converts light energy into stable chemical energy via photosynthesis
148
What is the different between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and prokaryotic cells do not.
149
What is osmosis?
The passage or diffusion of water or other solvents through a semipermeable membrane
150
What is cell specialization and why is it needed?
The process where in “general” or “common” cells evolve to form specific cells that have specific functions.
151
What 3 organelles are in plant cells but NOT in animal cells?
Cell wall, large central vacuole, plastids
152
What is diffusion and why does it occur?
Diffusion occurs when one side of a membrane has more of a substance than the other. The side with the least substance receives more from the side that has the greater amount.
153
What cell size is more efficient?
Smaller cells, more efficiently controlled than larger cells.
154
What happens at the following stages of the cell cycle: G1, S, G2, Metaphase
```
G1= Copies DNA
G2= prepares to divide
Mitosis= Divides
```
155
What are the steps of mitosis?
G1, S, G2, M
156
What is cancer?
A cell that no longer has control over division.
157
Structure of a chromosome
Chromatid,
158
What is a DNA nucleotide composed of?
Phosphate, deoxyribose(Sugar) and the nitrogen base
159
What is an RNA nucleotide composed of?
Phosphate, ribose(sugar) and nitrogen base (no thymine.)
160
After DNA replication what are the double helixes composed of?
Two linear strands that run opposite to each other.
161
What is the function of mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA
```
mRNA = carry the coding for protein synthesis
rRNA = molecules from ribosome
tRNA = carries amino acids to ribosomes
```
162
What happens during the process for transcription
The information in the stand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA
163
What happens during the process of translation?
mRNA is read and translated into the string of amino acid chains that make up protein
164
Cellular Respiration Equation
C6H1206+602 -> 6C02+6H20
165
Photosynthesis Equation
6CO2+6H20 -> C6H1206+602
166
What is the starting molecule for glycolysis?
Glucose
167
Why does fermentation occur instead of respiration?
Most often triggered by a lack of oxygen to run the aerobic respiration chain
168
What is lactic acid and what does it cause?
It forms when the body breaks form carbs to use for energy when O2 levels are low
169
What do the terms aerobic and anaerobic refer to?
Aerobic - with air
| Anaerobic - without air
170
During cellular respiration, one molecule of glucose can be converted into how many ATP molecules?
36
171
What organelle does photosynthesis occur in?
Chloroplasts
172
What organelle goes cellular respiration occur in?
Mitochondria
173
Why are photosynthesis and cellular respiration considered opposites?
Because the reactants of photosynthesis are the products of cellular respiration.
174
What is the definition of a hybrid?
Two different traits combined into one.
175
Who is the father of genetics and what did he discover?
176
What is a punnet square and what does it help determine?
Shows different outcomes|
177
What is the difference between an organism’s diploid and haploid number?
178
What is crossing over and when does it occur?
179
Why is crossing over important to genetic diversity?
Crossing over gives the offspring a little bit of the mom, and a little bit of the dad.
