What is the definition of a protist?
A single-called organism of the kingdom Protista.
Any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, plant, or fungus.
What are the common protists and the diseases they cause?
Trypanosoma protozoa cause Chagas disease and sleeping sickness. Giardia protozoa cause giardiasis, and Plasmodium protozoa cause malaria
How are protists classified?
Animal-like, plant-like and fungus-like
Plantlike protists must contain what to be able to carry out photosynthesis?
Chloroplasts
How do fungus like protists get their energy?
By absorbing nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter
How are animal-like protists classified?
Heterotrophs and are capable of moving
What is the definition of a fungus?
Plant-like organism that does not make chlorophyll
Fungi living in the vaginal canal are in constant competition with what other microorganisms?
Bacteria
How do most fungi feed?
On nutrients from decaying matter in the soil as well as parasites absorbing nutrients from the bodies of their hosts.
How do fungi reproduce?
Asexually and sexually
What is hyphae in Fungus terms?
Tiny filament that makes up a multicellular fungus or a water mold
What is mycelium in fungus terms?
Many hyphae tangled together into a thick mass composes the bodies of multicellular fungi
What is stolon in fungus terms?
A stemlike hyphae that runs along the surface of an object
What is rhizoids in fungus terms?
Root hair that anchors the plant and conducts water
What are lichens?
Symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism; can survive in harsh environments
What type of environments can lichens survive in?
Harsh
What is the most important role of fungi in our environment?
Pioneer species
When yeast ferments, what gas is it putting off to allow bread to rise?
Carbon Dioxide
Common fungi
Agaricus bisporus
Amanita phalloides
Diseases caused by common fungi
Ring worm
Athletes foot
Jocks itch
Yeast infections
What are fungi cell wells composed of?
Hyphae, mycelium, fruiting body
What is the definition of a plant?
Kingdom of multicellular photosynthetic autotrophs that have cell walls containing cellulose
What are the major functions of stems in plants?
Supporting structure that connects roots and leaves and carries water and nutrients between them
What is the main function of cuticles?
A thick, waxy layer on exposed outer surfaces of cells that protects them from water loss and injury
What is the main function of epidermis?
Makes up the dermal tissue or outer covering of a plant
What is the main function of mesophyll?
Specialized ground up tissue that makes up the bulk of most leaves performs most of a plants photosynthesis
What is the main function of xylem?
Vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant
What is the main function of phloem?
Vascular tissue responsible for the transport of nutrients and the carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis
What is the main function of guard cells?
Specialized cell in the epidermis of plants that controls the opening and closing of the stomata by responding to changes in water pressure
What is the main function of the stomata?
Opening in the underside of a lead that allows carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse into and out of the leaf
What the is the different between monocot angiosperm and dicot?
Angiosperm whose seeds have 1 cotyledon
Angiosperms whose seeds have 2 cotyledons
Embryo of a plant that is encased in a protective covering and surrounded by a food supply
What all does the seed contain?
Main photosynthetic systems, increase the amount of sunlight plants absorb,
What vare the major functions of the leaves?
Main photosynthetic system, increases the amount of sunlight absorbed, conserves water while letting oxygen and carbon dioxide enter and exit the leaf
What are the 3 tropisms and what cause them to occur?
Phototropism
Function of the petal
Function of the carpel
Function of the pistil
Function of the Stigma
Function of the style
Function of the ovary
Function of the Ovule
Function of the stamen
Function of the filament
Function of the anther
Function of the sepal
What are ways that seeds can be dispersed?
How does fruit help with seed dispersal?
The term “vascular tissue” refers to what
Moving to land requires plants to develop what types of adaptations?
What are plant cell walls composed of?
What is fruit?
What is the definition of an animal?
What does cephalization refer to
What types of symmetry can cephalization be found in?
What is the different between an open/closed circulatory system?
Would animals with simple nervous systems be able to exhibit complex behaviors?
What is the difference between an invertebrate and vertebrate?
The chordate phylum is very special because it requires what 4 characteristics?
What are the 4 basic types of tissue in the human body?
Cardiac
What are the levels of organization in the human body
Cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
What is homeostasis and 2 examples
What are the major functions of the lymphatic system
What are the major functions of the nervous system
What are the major functions of the excretory system
What are the major functions of the reproductive system
What are the major functions of the respiratory system
What are the major functions of the skeletal system
What are the major functions of the muscular system
What are the major functions of the endocrine system
What are the major functions of the integumentary system
What are the major functions of the circulatory
What are the major structures of the lymphatic system
What are the major structures of the nervous system
What are the major structures of the excretory system
What are the major structures of the reproductive system
What are the major structures of the respiratory system
What are the major structures of the skeletal system
What are the major structures of the muscular system
What are the major structures of the endocrine system
What are the major structures of the integumentary system
What are the major structures of the circulatory system
Sweating, urination and respiration are all related because they all allow the body to red itself of excess what?
Monomers of a protein
Amino acids
Monomers of carbohydrates
Monomers of nucleic acid
Nucleotides
Monomers of lipids
Functions of protein
Functions of carbohydrates
Functions of nucleic acids
Functions of lipids
Father of Evolution
Charles Darwin
What islands did Charles Darwin explore and gain the majority of his information from?
Galapagos
What were the main ideas that Darwin proposed?
Survival of the fittest, natural selection and evolution
What was Darwin’s work titled, and why did Darwin wait so long to publish his work?
Origin of the Species
What does the term “survival of the fittest” mean?
The organism(s) most fit for the environment will survive.
What does the term “natural selection” mean?
Nature chooses the best to continue
What people influenced Charles Darwin?
What physical structures were evidence of evolution to Darwin?
What does the term “fitness” mean?
Vestigial structure is
Homologous structure is
Analogous structure is
Who was Carlous Linnaeus and what was his major contribution to science?
What is binomial nomenclature?
What is the order of classification from domain to species?
What are the 2 major categories of cells and how do you determine the differences between them?
What are the 3 shapes of bacteria/viruses
What are the 2 major categories of bacteria and how do you know the difference between them
Archaebacteria and
How are bacteria helpful/harmful
What is the basic structure of a virus?
What is a vaccine and what does it do?
What does a Gram staining test show?
What are antibiotics and what do they do?
Common bacteria diseases
Common viral diseases
Levels of organization organism->biosphere
Organism, population, community, ecosystem,biosphere
Producer
Autotroph
Consumer
Heterotroph
Decomposer
Herbivore
Omnivore
Carnivore
Scavenger
Detrivore
What is the 10% rule and where does the other 90% go?
What is nitrogen fixation, what organism does it affect and why is it important?
Energy in the living environment flows in how many directions?
Nutrients in the living environment flow in how many directions?
A valid hypothesis must be
An if then statement.
A valid hypothesis is based on what
How many variables are tested in a controlled experiment?
One at a time
What are the characteristics of a living thing?
Move, breathe, reproduce, grow
Biology is the study of?
LIFE
Part and function of: nucleus
Regulates the cells activities, growth,
Part and function of: ribosome
Protein Synthesis
Part and function of: mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell,
Part and function of: cell membrane
Regulates what enters and exits the cell.
Part and function of: cell wall
Provides strength and protection against mechanical and osmotic stress.
Part and function of: Golgi apparatus
Helps package and process proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell.
Part and function of: Endoplasmic Reticulum
Produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function
Part and function of: lysosome
Break down macromolecules into their constituent parts, which are then recycled
Part and function of: flagella
Movement
Part and function of: cilia
Move microbes and debris up and out of the airways (triggers coughs)
Part and function of: central vacuole
Acts as a storage place for water and other molecules in the cell.
Part and function of: chloroplast
Converts light energy into stable chemical energy via photosynthesis
What is the different between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and prokaryotic cells do not.
What is osmosis?
The passage or diffusion of water or other solvents through a semipermeable membrane
What is cell specialization and why is it needed?
The process where in “general” or “common” cells evolve to form specific cells that have specific functions.
What 3 organelles are in plant cells but NOT in animal cells?
Cell wall, large central vacuole, plastids
What is diffusion and why does it occur?
Diffusion occurs when one side of a membrane has more of a substance than the other. The side with the least substance receives more from the side that has the greater amount.
What cell size is more efficient?
Smaller cells, more efficiently controlled than larger cells.
What happens at the following stages of the cell cycle: G1, S, G2, Metaphase
G1= Copies DNA G2= prepares to divide Mitosis= Divides
What are the steps of mitosis?
G1, S, G2, M
What is cancer?
A cell that no longer has control over division.
Structure of a chromosome
Chromatid,
What is a DNA nucleotide composed of?
Phosphate, deoxyribose(Sugar) and the nitrogen base
What is an RNA nucleotide composed of?
Phosphate, ribose(sugar) and nitrogen base (no thymine.)
After DNA replication what are the double helixes composed of?
Two linear strands that run opposite to each other.
What is the function of mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA
mRNA = carry the coding for protein synthesis rRNA = molecules from ribosome tRNA = carries amino acids to ribosomes
What happens during the process for transcription
The information in the stand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA
What happens during the process of translation?
mRNA is read and translated into the string of amino acid chains that make up protein
Cellular Respiration Equation
C6H1206+602 -> 6C02+6H20
Photosynthesis Equation
6CO2+6H20 -> C6H1206+602
What is the starting molecule for glycolysis?
Glucose
Why does fermentation occur instead of respiration?
Most often triggered by a lack of oxygen to run the aerobic respiration chain
What is lactic acid and what does it cause?
It forms when the body breaks form carbs to use for energy when O2 levels are low
What do the terms aerobic and anaerobic refer to?
Aerobic - with air
Anaerobic - without air
During cellular respiration, one molecule of glucose can be converted into how many ATP molecules?
36
What organelle does photosynthesis occur in?
Chloroplasts
What organelle goes cellular respiration occur in?
Mitochondria
Why are photosynthesis and cellular respiration considered opposites?
Because the reactants of photosynthesis are the products of cellular respiration.
What is the definition of a hybrid?
Two different traits combined into one.
Who is the father of genetics and what did he discover?
What is a punnet square and what does it help determine?
Shows different outcomes|
What is the difference between an organism’s diploid and haploid number?
What is crossing over and when does it occur?
Why is crossing over important to genetic diversity?
Crossing over gives the offspring a little bit of the mom, and a little bit of the dad.