Biology final review

Question 1

Nucleotide

Answer 1

Form the basic structure unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.
Made up of phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base.

Question 2

Base pairing

Answer 2

A to T and G to C; RNA: A to U and G to C

Question 3

Replication

Answer 3

Process by which double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical molecules

Question 4

Transcription

Answer 4

Process of copying out the DNA sequence of a gene in the similar alphabet of RNA

Question 5

Translation

Answer 5

In ribosomes of the cytoplasm, process of translating the sequence of mRNA molecule to a sequence

Question 6

Codon

Answer 6

Sequence of 3 DNA or RNA nucleotides

Question 7

Mutation

Answer 7

A change in DNA sequence of an organism

Question 8

DNA

Answer 8

Deoxyribonucleic acid, double helix, ATGC

Question 9

RNA

Answer 9

Ribonucleic acid, single stranded, AUGC

Question 10

Protein

Answer 10

Molecule made up of amino acids. Basis of body structures

Question 11

Where does mRNA go after its made in transcription

Answer 11

Cytoplasm

Question 12

Which organelle makes proteins?

Answer 12

Ribosomes

Question 13

What are some possible causes of mutations?

Answer 13

Damaging effects of mutagen, chemicals, radiation.

Question 14

Heredity

Answer 14

What gets passed down from parents

Question 15

Dominant

Answer 15

Uppercase alleles: Rr or RR

Question 16

Recessive

Answer 16

Lowercase alleles: rr

Question 17

Homozygous

Answer 17

Same alleles: RR or rr

Question 18

Heterozygous

Answer 18

Different alleles: Rr

Question 19

Independent Assortment

Answer 19

Describes how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop

Question 20

Punnett Square

Answer 20

Predicts offspring traits of a particular cross or breeding experiment

Question 21

Genotype

Answer 21

Genetic makeup of organism

Question 22

Phenotype

Answer 22

Physical characteristic determined by genotype

Question 23

Incomplete Dominance

Answer 23

When offspring is a mix of both parents: red + white= pink

Question 24

Codominance

Answer 24

When each contribute to offspring: red + white= red & white

Question 25

Meiosis

Answer 25

Reproduction of sex cells. Prophase l, metaphase l, anaphase l, telephase l, then repeated.

Question 26

Gamete

Answer 26

Reproductive cell of an animal or plant. Female are called egg cells and male are called sperms.

Question 27

What is a X-linked trait? How are they passed?

Answer 27

A way a genetic trait is passed down from parent to child through mutations on the X chromosome

Question 28

Alleles for blood types

Answer 28

A, B, O

Question 29

Mitosis

Answer 29

When cell replicates: Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.

Question 30

Crossing over

Answer 30

Occurs during prophase l, when mom and dad chromosomes line up and some parts get switched.

Question 31

Diploid Vs. Haploid

Answer 31

Haploid: one set of chromosomes formed by meiosis Diploid: two sets of chromosomes formed by mitosis

Question 32

Amount of human chromosomes

Answer 32

46 chromosomes; 23 pairs

Question 33

Natural Selection

Answer 33

Evolving over time, giving offspring characteristics to help them sruvive

Question 34

Artificial selection

Answer 34

Humans choose characteristics they like and breed wanted organism characteristics together

Question 35

Fitness

Answer 35

Ability to reproduce and survive; ability to pass genetic information to each other

Question 36

Adaptation

Answer 36

Organisms that adjust to their environments

Question 37

Variation

Answer 37

Difference among organisms

Question 38

Survival of the fittest

Answer 38

Organisms that survive and reproduce will avoid extinction

Question 39

Descent with modification

Answer 39

Organisms change over time

Question 40

Homologous strucutre

Answer 40

Same strucutre different function

Question 41

Transitional fossils

Answer 41

Fossils that show changes over time

Question 42

Vestigial organ

Answer 42

Organ organisms have that aren't useful

Question 43

Embryology

Answer 43

The study of embryos and their development

Question 44

Genetic Drift

Answer 44

The change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance.

Question 45

Population

Answer 45

Inhabitants in an area

Question 46

Darwin's theory of common descent

Answer 46

All organisms can trace their descent to a common ancestor.

Question 47

Theory of evolution

Answer 47

Life changes over time.

Question 48

How do fossils form?

Answer 48

Remains of organisms are layered by sedimentary layers

Question 49

Analogous structures

Answer 49

Different strucutre same function. Whale, penguin, shark fins.