Biology: General Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
Organisms must survive in the areas they live in. Over time these organisms develop features that allow them to better cope with their surroundings. What property is being described?
A
Evolutionary Adaptation
2
Q
The part of the Earth composed of life is called the biosphere. The biosphere is composed of different ecosystems and each composed of communities of organisms. This hierarchy is observed until we reach the functional unit of life: the cell. Which property describes this?
A
Order or Organization
3
Q
The makahiya plant (Mimosa pudica) reacts when touched. Some plants grow towards the sunlight. You immediately move your hands away when near a hot surface. These are just some examples of which property of life?
A
Irritability
4
Q
Hybrids from the wild are rare and may only come from two species that are closely associated with each other. More often, what occurs is that a species passes their own traits creating similar organisms like themselves. This property of life depicts?
A
Reproduction
5
Q
Plants perform photosynthesis to harvest the energy of the sun. Plants are eaten by herbivores which are then fed by carnivores. In a way, we are getting the energy of the sun when we eat those plants and more indirectly when eating meat. Thus, nourishing us. This property of life is known as?
A
Metabolism
6
Q
Building blocks of proteins
A
Amino acids
7
Q
Most abundant element in cells
A
Hydrogen
8
Q
Level of protein structure of a beta-pleated sheet
A
Secondary
9
Q
Thymine bonds to which nucleotide
A
Adenine
10
Q
Structure to which excess energy is deposited
A
Adipose tissue
11
Q
Reactants of cellular respiration
A
Glucose and oxygen
12
Q
Step in cellular respiration yielding the greatest number of ATPs
A
Oxidative Phosphorylation
13
Q
Last substance that is produced in the Krebs cycle
A
Oxaloacetate
14
Q
Yields 2.5 ATps during ETC
A
NADH
15
Q
Yields 1.5 ATps during ETC
A
FADH2
16
Q
Photosynthesis type of process
A
Anabolic
17
Q
Important product of Calvin cycle
A
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
18
Q
Special pair of chlorophyll a molecules in photosystem II
A
P680
19
Q
Calvin Cycle occurs in which part of C4 plants
A
Bundle-sheath cells
20
Q
Acronym for CAM originates from
A
A specific group of succulents; (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism)
21
Q
Took an X-ray image of DNA
A
Rosalind Franklin
22
Q
Small DNA fragments that are linked to the 5’ to 3’ strand during DNA replication
A
Okazaki Fragments
23
Q
Codon which initiates the translation process
A
AUG
24
Q
Transcription in prokaryotes starts on which site
A
Promoter
25
Compound found in RNA but not found in DNA
Uracil
26
Type of RNA that adds amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain
tRNA
27
Mutation that leads to a nucleotide sequence to change the resulting amino acid
Missense Mutation
28
Mode of reproduction by viruses where it results in the host cell breaking apart
Lytic Cycle
29
Regions in RNA that are removed and therefore, are not expressed
Introns
30
Allows bacteria to take new combinations of genes
Transformation, Transduction, Conjugation
31
Doesn't allow bacteria to take new combinations of genes
Binary Fission
32
Carolus Linnaeus’ system of naming organisms
Binomial nomenclature system
33
Samples of Tautonymy
Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and milkfish (Chanos chanos)
34
Tautonymy
When the living organism has the same name for its genus and species name; signifies that the species is representative of the characteristics of the genus.
35
Binomial nomenclature
Genus then species
36
Correct format in writing a scientific name
Both genus and species names must be italicized when typewritten and
underlined when handwritten
37
Second part of the scientific name
Species name (or specific epithet
in the more technical use of the term) of the organism.
38
Spiral prokaryotes that have longer cells
Spirochetes
39
Short and rigid prokaryotes
Spirilla
40
Group of prokaryotes specifically thrive in areas without oxygen and use other gases for their functioning
Methanogens
41
Group of bacteria considered as the original source of chloroplasts in plants.
Cyanobacteria
42
Community of microorganisms that reside in our bodies
Microbiota
43
Protist group able to perform photosynthesis
Diatoms and algae
44
Feeding structures of fungi
Hyphae
45
Seedless vascular plants are composed of two phyla:
Lycophytes, monilophytes
46
Lycophytes
Include club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts)
47
Monilophytes
Ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns
48
Phylum encompassing all flowering vascular plants
Anthophytes
49
Fungi able to form a beneficial relationship with photosynthetic organisms
Lichen
50
Animal classification based on the process of gastrulation
Deuterostomes
51
Gastrulation
How the animal embryo develops.
52
Protostomes
If the first opening that forms during
gastrulation becomes the mouth.
53
Deuterostomes
have this opening that becomes the anus and develops a second opening hat becomes the mouth
54
Process where the external skeleton is shed in order to facilitate the growth of the individual
Ecdysis
55
Four features identify members of the Phylum Chordata
Dorsal, notochord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail
56
Most successful invertebrate animal group
Insects
57
Group composed of segmented animals with a hard exoskeleton and jointed appendages
Phylum Arthropoda
58
Chelicerates, myriapods, and pancrustaceans
Arthropods
59
Structures that allow jellyfishes to sting
Cnidocytes
60
Class to which humans belong
Mammalia
61
Species concept that distinguishes species based on their capability to produce offspring
Biological Species Concept
62
Mammals that lay eggs
Monotremes
63
Mechanism of speciation where a new species comes from the separation of the population of the ancestral species
Allopatric speciation
64
Earliest group of vertebrates
Fish
65
Three main causes of evolutionary change
natural selection, genetic drift,
and gene flow
66
Feature which was present and utilized well in the past but has become remnant in present-day forms of the organism
Rudimentary structures or vestigial structures
67
Two essential components of artificial selection
variation and heritability
68
Variation
The differences among individuals in the same group
69
Heritability
Transmission of a trait from parent to offspring
70
Gregor Mendel
Law of Independent Assortment
70
Affect the X and Y chromosomes
Sex-linked disorders
71
Pattern of inheritance rhat allowed people to have blood type AB
Codominance
72
Organism contains the same type of alleles of the same genes
Homozygous
73
Animal tissues based on their cell shapes
Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar
74
Tissue type is known to store excess energy in the form of fat
Adipose Tissue
75
Muscle tissues that form the muscles of the heart
Cardiac muscles
76
Part of a nerve cell that moves signals towards another cell/ transmits signals to other neurons
Axon
77
Receives a nerve impulse from other neurons
Dendrite
78
Substances that compose our bones
calcium, magnesium, and phosphate
79
Delivers oxygen (O2) and nutrients to the cells of the body and transports carbon dioxide (CO2) to the lungs and metabolic wastes to the kidneys.
Circulatory system
80
Secretes hormones that regulate body activities, thus maintaining homeostasis.
endocrine system
81
Testosterone and estrogen; sperm cells and egg cells
reproductive system
82
Responsible for exchanging gases with the environment, supplying the blood with O2, and disposing of CO2
respiratory system
83
Coordinates body activities by detecting stimuli, integrating information, and directing responses.
nervous system
84
Describes that many organisms over time will develop features that will allow them to better thrive in the environment they are living in
theory of evolution
85
Quick and fast response to any stimuli
irritability
86
Long-term and continuous event that requires managing different parts of the organism to keep it alive
regulation
87
Concerned with the regulation of energy;
managing which cells should be given more energy and what to do with the excess energy
Metabolism
88
Most abundant element in cells
hydrogen (H), carbon (C),
oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S).
89
Determines how a protein takes shape
Unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
90
Nitrogenous bases
adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G)
91
Products of cellular respiration
carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
92
Oxidative phosphorylation yields how much ATP in total
32
93
Krebs Cycle mnemonic
“Citrate Is Kreb’s Starting Substrate For Making Oxaloacetate"
94
Plants in hot, dry climates that keep their stomata mostly closed to conserve water.
C4 plants
95
Specifies an amino acid
Codon
96
Organisms that obtain their energy from light
autotrophic
97
Causes cancer in cells
Damage to genes
98
Step of mitosis in which chromosomes line up along the equatorial plane of the cell
Metaphase
99
Action of insulin
decreases blood glucose levels by forming glycogen
100
Intracellular organelles that participate in metabolic oxidation involving hydrogen peroxide
lysosomes
101
Polymers of glucose
Starch, cellulose and glycogen
102
Down syndrome in humans is due to
three copies of chromosome 21
103
Movement of water-soluble molecules through cell membranes, from higher to lower concentrations, by attachment to a carrier protein
Facilitated diffusion
104
Organisms that have the characteristics of radial symmetry, water vascular system, a spiny skin, and are found exclusively in a marine habitat
Echinodermata
105
Two processes that return water to the earth
condensation and precipitation
106
Smallest organelle in the cell
Ribosome
107
Structural difference of egg and sperm
Both contain a haploid chromosome number, but eggs must provide nutrients for early development, while sperm must be able to move efficiently
108
For a given diameter of an axon, one factor which increases the velocity of a nerve impulse is:
the presence of a myelin sheath
109
How is a biochemical pathway regulated?
The end product inhibits the first enzyme in the pathway by binding to an allosteric site
110
Replicate copies of each chromosome are called _____________ and are joined at the
_________________
sister chromatids/centromere
111
The term motor unit refers to
all the muscle fibers innervated by one nerve fiber
112
Which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur
prophase I
113
The human heartbeat is initiated within the
sino-atrial node
114
In the nephron of the kidney, filtration occurs between
the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
115
Cytoplasm of an animal cell is divided by means of:
A cleavage furrow
116
Sexual and asexual reproduction usually differ in
the amount of genotypic variation between parent and offspring
117
The process in which water, in the water cycle, goes through a phase change, from a gas to a liquid
condensation
118
Stimulus: moving toward or away from chemicals
Chemotaxis
119
Stimulus: moving toward or away from light
Phototaxis
120
Chemical linkage into chains of atoms of the same element
Catenation
121
Chemical compound in which one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements, most commonly hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen
Organic compound
122
Compound made up of two or more elements other than carbon, or certain carbon-containing compounds that lack carbon-carbon bonds
Inorganic compound
123
Molecule of any of a class of compounds, mostly organic, that can react with other molecules to form very large molecules
Monomer
124
Process to form polymers
Dehydration reaction - reaction that removes water as two molecules are bonded together
125
Hydrolysis
Water helps break the bond between molecules
126
Chemical formula of glucose and fructose
C6H12O6
127
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but are structurally different
Isomer
128
Usually ends in "-ose"
Sugar
129
Usually ends in "-ase"
Enzyme
130
Main fuel for cellular work
Monosaccharides (particularly glucose)
131
Most common disaccharide; glucose + fructose
Sucrose
132
Where is glycogen stored in the body
Liver or muscle cells
133
