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10SCI_NI > Biology: Genetics - Core > Flashcards

Biology: Genetics - Core Flashcards

Year 10 Science 2025: Student Outcomes (72 cards)

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1
Q
  1. IDENTIFY the function of reproduction
A

to produce offspring and ensure continuity of a species

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2
Q
  1. LIST the male reproductive organs
A

Testes (testis)
Vas deferens (sperm duct)
Prostate gland
Seminal vesicles
Urethra

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3
Q
  1. IDENTIFY the function of the testes
A

To produce sperm and testosterone

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4
Q
  1. IDENTIFY the function of the vas deferens
A

To transport sperm from epididymis (where sperm is stored and matured) to urethra during ejaculation

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5
Q
  1. IDENTIFY the function of the prostate gland
A

To produce prostatic fluid, which part of the semen and is alkaline, to neutralising the acidic nature of the vagina

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6
Q
  1. IDENTIFY the function of the seminal vesicles
A

Produces seminal fluid, part of semen, which contains sugars that nourish the sperm

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7
Q
  1. IDENTIFY the function of the urethra
A

To allow the passage of semen during ejaculation

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8
Q
  1. LIST the female reproductive organs
A

Ovaries
Fallopian Tube (AKA oviduct)
Uterus
Vagina

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9
Q
  1. IDENTIFY the function of the ovaries
A

to store ova, and produce hormones like estrogen and progesterone

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10
Q
  1. IDENTIFY the function of the fallopian tube
A

To transport ova from the ovaries to the uterus, is lined with hairs called cilia which transport the egg

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11
Q
  1. IDENTIFY the function of the uterus
A

To protect and nourish a fertilised ova as it grows and develops prior to birth, as the endometrium, the lining of the uterus, is nutrient rich

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12
Q
  1. IDENTIFY the function of the vagina
A

To receive semen/sperm so it can fertilise an egg and,
To act as the canal for giving birth to babies, as it is a muscular tube which can push the baby out

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13
Q
  1. DEFINE a gamete
A

A sex cell containing half the amount of chromosomes/genetic material of its parent cells

EG. Ova, Sperm, pollen.

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14
Q
  1. DEFINE sperm
A

The male gamete of animals, with 23 chromosomes

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15
Q
  1. DEFINE ovum
A

The female gamete of animals and some plants, with 23 chromosomes

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16
Q
  1. DEFINE fertilisation
A

The process when a male gamete and a female gamete fuse, forming a zygote

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17
Q
  1. DEFINE zygote
A

The initial product after fertilisation, made of one female gamete and one male gamete

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18
Q
  1. DEFINE foetus
A

What an organism is called as the cells of an embryo start to specialise

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19
Q
  1. IDENTIFY the two factors that influence characteristics of individuals
A

Genes
Environment

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20
Q
  1. IDENTIFY what happens during reproduction (two parents)
A

during reproduction, genetic information from both parents is transferred to the offspring

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21
Q
  1. RELATE the concepts DNA, genes and chromosomes
A

chromosomes store DNA, and different genes are on different chromosomes

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22
Q
  1. IDENTIFY where DNA is found before cell division occurs
A

in the nucleus of the cell

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23
Q
  1. DEFINE DNA
A

genetic material

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24
Q
  1. DEFINE gene
A

a short section of DNA that codes for a specific type of protein

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25
10. DEFINE chromosome
structures that store DNA
26
10. DEFINE haploid
a cell that has half the amount of chromosomes than most body cells, 23, N
27
10. DEFINE Diploid
a cell that has the regular amount of 46 chromosomes, 2N
28
10. DEFINE genotype
genetic information of an individual, made up of a collection of alleles
29
10. DEFINE phenotype
observable characteristics of an individual, due to its genes and environment
30
10. DEFINE genome
All of the genetic information of an organism/ a collection of all the DNA
31
10. DEFINE allele
different versions of the same gene
32
DEFINE karyotype
a visual representation of all the chromosomes in an organism
33
10. DEFINE heterozygous genotype w/ example
genotype with two different alleles Eg. Bb
34
10. DEFINE homozygous genotype w/ example
genotype with two of the same alleles Eg. BB, bb
35
10. DEFINE haploid
cell containing a single set of chromosomes; 23; N
36
10. DEFINE diploid
cell containing two complete sets of chromosomes; 46; 2N
37
DEFINE homologous chromosomes
Chromosomes that have the same gene in the same place
38
11. DESCRIBE the Watson and Crick model of DNA
double helix made up of a chain of nucleotides
39
12. List the steps of DNA replication
1. Untwists 2. Unzips 3. Free nucleotides attracted 4. Joins/Reforms
40
12. Outline step 1 of the DNA replication process
1. UNTWISTS - Starts when enzymes cause the double helix of DNA to untwist
41
12. OUTLINE step 2 of the DNA replication process
2. UNZIPS - Enzymes break the bonds between base pairs of the DNA, splitting the DNA molecule into two strands
42
12. Outline step 3 of the DNA replication process
3. FREE NUCLEOTIDES ATTRACTED - Free nucleotides which are floating around in the nucleus are attracted to their complementary base pairs
43
12. OUTLINE step 4 of the DNA replication process
4. JOINS/REFORMS - Enzyme joins the two strands and their nucleotides together, leaving 2 DNA molecules
44
15. give an EXAMPLE of a gene mutation
Insertion Substitution Deletion
45
12. DEFINE the process of semi-conservative DNA replication
half of each DNA molecule is new while the other half is conserved from the original molecule
46
13. DEFINE DNA replication
when DNA is copied, occurs in preparation for cell division
47
13. DEFINE nucleotide
Complex molecule composed of 3 smaller molecules: - Deoxyribose sugar/pentose sugar - Phosphate - Nitrogen base (only thing that changes)
48
13. DEFINE double helix
double-stranded spiral 🧬
49
13. DEFINE complementary base pairing
Bases in DNA pair predictably with other bases.
50
13. STATE the complimentary base pairs
GC TA
51
14. DEFINE mutation
a change in the DNA base sequence
52
15. DEFINE a gene/monogenic mutation
A mutation that affects only affects one gene
53
15. Give an EXAMPLE of a disease that comes from a gene mutation
Sickle cell disease
54
15. DEFINE chromosomal mutation
a change in the structure of number of chromosomes
55
15. give an EXAMPLE of a chromosomal mutation
when part of a chromosome is missing entirely
56
15. Give an EXAMPLE of a disease that comes from a chromosomal mutation
Down syndrome
57
58
17. STATE the 4 parts of mitosis
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
59
17. OUTLINE prophase in mitosis
Prophase: chromosomes are formed, the nucleus disintegrates, spindle apparatus forms
60
17. OUTLINE metaphase in mitosis
Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
61
17. OUTLINE anaphase in mitosis
Anaphase: Sister chromatids are separated from each other and brought to opposite sides of the cell by the spindle apparatus
62
17. OUTLINE telophase in mitosis
Telophase: Chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin, nucleus forms, spindle apparatus breaks down
63
17. Outline the function of Mitosis
to make new body cells for growth and repair
64
18. IDENTIFY what meiosis is
The process by which sex cells are formed
65
19. IDENTIFY what a stem cell is
an unspecialised/undifferentiated cell that does not yet have a specific function
66
20. OUTLINE ways stem cells can be used to treat diseases
Blood stem cell transplants --> to treat diseases/conditions of the blood and immune system OR to restore blood after treatment for a specific cancer Skin stem cells --> to grow skin grafts for people with severe burns on large areas of their body
67
21. DESCRIBE how the advancement of stem cell technology has advanced our understanding of cells
because in making this technology, we have been able to see the stem cells develop into specialised cells, and this has helped us to understand the functions of the different structures in specialised cells
68
22. LIST the 2 areas of consideration for biotechnology
Social considerations Ethical considerations
69
22. DEFINE social considerations
address the implications on human society Everyone should enjoy equal rights, freedoms and protection, protecting society itself
70
22. DEFINE ethical considerations
sensitive issue of what is morally right or wrong, which people often interpret differently Shaped by philosophical, cultural and religious views
71
22. OUTLINE the social considerations of biotechnology
Social inequity --> social status and financial standing affect who can access treatment Negative impacts on human health -->risks need to be evaluated using evidence and well-advertised Privacy --> who has access to databases storing genetic information; genetic info could be misused w/out proper regulations
72
22. OUTLINE the ethical considerations of biotechnology
Informed consent --> needed for medial treatments to be deemed ethical in Australia; must be informed of potential risks and the impact of their decision in order to give consent Animal welfare --> uses have reduced our dependency on animals; other uses violate animal rights, contributing to their suffering for our benefit

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