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Biology Gr9 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Lithosphere?

A

Earth’s solid outer layer (rock, soil)

The Lithosphere is a critical component of Earth’s structure, providing the foundation for ecosystems.

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2
Q

Define the Atmosphere.

A

Layer of gases (air)

The Atmosphere is essential for life, providing oxygen and regulating temperature.

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3
Q

What does the Hydrosphere encompass?

A

All water (oceans, lakes, rivers)

The Hydrosphere is vital for all known forms of life and influences climate.

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4
Q

What is included in the Biosphere?

A

All living things

The Biosphere interacts with other spheres and is crucial for ecosystem dynamics.

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5
Q

What characterizes a sustainable ecosystem?

A

Maintains balance over time

Sustainable ecosystems are essential for long-term environmental health.

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6
Q

Give examples of natural ecosystems.

A
  • Forests
  • Lakes

Natural ecosystems function without human intervention and support biodiversity.

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7
Q

What defines an engineered ecosystem?

A

Human-made (farms, cities)

Engineered ecosystems often require management to maintain balance.

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8
Q

Define abiotic factors.

A

Non-living (light, temperature, water, soil)

Abiotic factors are crucial for determining the types of organisms that can thrive in an environment.

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9
Q

What are biotic factors?

A

Living organisms (plants, animals, fungi)

Biotic factors contribute to ecosystem interactions and energy flow.

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10
Q

Photosynthesis Equation?

A

CO₂ + H₂O + sunlight → C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂

Photosynthesis is the process through which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy.

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11
Q

Cellular Respiration Equation?

A

C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O + ATP (energy)

Cellular respiration is how organisms convert glucose into usable energy.

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12
Q

Who are the producers in an ecosystem?

A

Make food (plants)

Producers are the foundation of food webs, converting solar energy into chemical energy.

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13
Q

Who are primary consumers?

A

Herbivores

Primary consumers play a crucial role in transferring energy from producers to higher trophic levels.

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14
Q

What are secondary and tertiary consumers?

A
  • Carnivores
  • Omnivores

These consumers are vital for maintaining population control among species in ecosystems.

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15
Q

Define decomposers.

A

Break down dead material (fungi, bacteria)

Decomposers recycle nutrients back into the ecosystem, supporting new growth.

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16
Q

What are the stages of the Water Cycle?

A
  • Evaporation
  • Condensation
  • Precipitation
  • Runoff

The Water Cycle is essential for distributing water across the planet.

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17
Q

What processes are involved in the Carbon Cycle?

A
  • Photosynthesis
  • Respiration
  • Combustion

The Carbon Cycle is critical for regulating atmospheric CO₂ levels.

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18
Q

Stages of the Nitrogen Cycle?

A
  • Nitrogen fixation
  • Nitrification
  • Denitrification

The Nitrogen Cycle is vital for converting nitrogen into forms usable by living organisms.

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19
Q

What is eutrophication?

A

Nutrient pollution → algal blooms

Eutrophication can lead to dead zones in aquatic environments, harming biodiversity.

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20
Q

What are greenhouse gas emissions?

A

CO₂ from burning fossil fuels

Greenhouse gas emissions contribute to climate change and global warming.

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21
Q

Define a Food Chain.

A

One energy pathway

Food chains illustrate the direct flow of energy through an ecosystem.

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22
Q

What is a Food Web?

A

Multiple interconnected food chains

Food webs provide a more complex understanding of ecosystem interactions.

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23
Q

What does an Ecological Pyramid show?

A

Energy or biomass decrease up levels

Ecological Pyramids visualize the distribution of energy and biomass among trophic levels.

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24
Q

What are invasive species?

A

Can disrupt food webs and ecosystems

Invasive species can outcompete native species, leading to ecological imbalance.

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25
What is Primary Succession?
Starts on bare rock (e.g., after a volcanic eruption) ## Footnote Primary succession is a gradual process where life colonizes previously uninhabitable areas.
26
Define Secondary Succession.
Begins where soil exists (e.g., after a fire) ## Footnote Secondary succession occurs more rapidly than primary succession due to existing soil.
27
What is competition in species interactions?
Competing for the same resource ## Footnote Competition can limit population growth and resource availability.
28
What is parasitism?
One benefits, one is harmed ## Footnote Parasitism can significantly impact population dynamics within ecosystems.
29
Define commensalism.
One benefits, one unaffected ## Footnote Commensal relationships are often subtle yet important for ecosystem balance.
30
What is mutualism?
Both benefit ## Footnote Mutualistic relationships enhance survival and reproduction for both species involved.
31
Define predation.
One organism feeds on another ## Footnote Predation is a crucial dynamic that regulates species populations in ecosystems.
32
What is meant by Tolerance Range?
Environmental conditions a species can survive ## Footnote Tolerance ranges determine the distribution of species in various ecosystems.
33
Define Carrying Capacity.
Max population size an ecosystem can support ## Footnote Carrying capacity is influenced by resource availability and environmental conditions.
34
What is bioaccumulation?
Toxins build up in a single organism ## Footnote Bioaccumulation can lead to harmful effects on individual organisms over time.
35
Define biomagnification.
Toxins increase up the food chain ## Footnote Biomagnification poses significant risks to top predators in ecosystems.
36
What is the Greenhouse Effect?
Heat trapped by gases like CO₂ ## Footnote The Greenhouse Effect is a natural process that warms the Earth’s surface.
37
List some impacts of climate change.
* Melting ice * Rising sea levels * Extreme weather ## Footnote Climate change poses significant threats to ecosystems and human societies.
38
What causes Acid Precipitation?
Caused by sulfur/nitrogen oxides mixing with water vapor ## Footnote Acid precipitation can damage forests, aquatic ecosystems, and infrastructure.
39
What are the impacts of Acid Precipitation?
Harms plants, aquatic life, and infrastructure ## Footnote The effects of acid precipitation can lead to long-term ecological damage.
40
What is the Lithosphere?
Earth’s solid outer layer (rock, soil) ## Footnote The Lithosphere is a critical component of Earth’s structure, providing the foundation for ecosystems.
41
Define the Atmosphere.
Layer of gases (air) ## Footnote The Atmosphere is essential for life, providing oxygen and regulating temperature.
42
What does the Hydrosphere encompass?
All water (oceans, lakes, rivers) ## Footnote The Hydrosphere is vital for all known forms of life and influences climate.
43
What is included in the Biosphere?
All living things ## Footnote The Biosphere interacts with other spheres and is crucial for ecosystem dynamics.
44
What characterizes a sustainable ecosystem?
Maintains balance over time ## Footnote Sustainable ecosystems are essential for long-term environmental health.
45
Give examples of natural ecosystems.
* Forests * Lakes ## Footnote Natural ecosystems function without human intervention and support biodiversity.
46
What defines an engineered ecosystem?
Human-made (farms, cities) ## Footnote Engineered ecosystems often require management to maintain balance.
47
Define abiotic factors.
Non-living (light, temperature, water, soil) ## Footnote Abiotic factors are crucial for determining the types of organisms that can thrive in an environment.
48
What are biotic factors?
Living organisms (plants, animals, fungi) ## Footnote Biotic factors contribute to ecosystem interactions and energy flow.
49
Photosynthesis Equation?
CO₂ + H₂O + sunlight → C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ ## Footnote Photosynthesis is the process through which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy.
50
Cellular Respiration Equation?
C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O + ATP (energy) ## Footnote Cellular respiration is how organisms convert glucose into usable energy.
51
Who are the producers in an ecosystem?
Make food (plants) ## Footnote Producers are the foundation of food webs, converting solar energy into chemical energy.
52
Who are primary consumers?
Herbivores ## Footnote Primary consumers play a crucial role in transferring energy from producers to higher trophic levels.
53
What are secondary and tertiary consumers?
* Carnivores * Omnivores ## Footnote These consumers are vital for maintaining population control among species in ecosystems.
54
Define decomposers.
Break down dead material (fungi, bacteria) ## Footnote Decomposers recycle nutrients back into the ecosystem, supporting new growth.
55
What are the stages of the Water Cycle?
* Evaporation * Condensation * Precipitation * Runoff ## Footnote The Water Cycle is essential for distributing water across the planet.
56
What processes are involved in the Carbon Cycle?
* Photosynthesis * Respiration * Combustion ## Footnote The Carbon Cycle is critical for regulating atmospheric CO₂ levels.
57
Stages of the Nitrogen Cycle?
* Nitrogen fixation * Nitrification * Denitrification ## Footnote The Nitrogen Cycle is vital for converting nitrogen into forms usable by living organisms.
58
What is eutrophication?
Nutrient pollution → algal blooms ## Footnote Eutrophication can lead to dead zones in aquatic environments, harming biodiversity.
59
What are greenhouse gas emissions?
CO₂ from burning fossil fuels ## Footnote Greenhouse gas emissions contribute to climate change and global warming.
60
Define a Food Chain.
One energy pathway ## Footnote Food chains illustrate the direct flow of energy through an ecosystem.
61
What is a Food Web?
Multiple interconnected food chains ## Footnote Food webs provide a more complex understanding of ecosystem interactions.
62
What does an Ecological Pyramid show?
Energy or biomass decrease up levels ## Footnote Ecological Pyramids visualize the distribution of energy and biomass among trophic levels.
63
What are invasive species?
Can disrupt food webs and ecosystems ## Footnote Invasive species can outcompete native species, leading to ecological imbalance.
64
What is Primary Succession?
Starts on bare rock (e.g., after a volcanic eruption) ## Footnote Primary succession is a gradual process where life colonizes previously uninhabitable areas.
65
Define Secondary Succession.
Begins where soil exists (e.g., after a fire) ## Footnote Secondary succession occurs more rapidly than primary succession due to existing soil.
66
What is competition in species interactions?
Competing for the same resource ## Footnote Competition can limit population growth and resource availability.
67
What is parasitism?
One benefits, one is harmed ## Footnote Parasitism can significantly impact population dynamics within ecosystems.
68
Define commensalism.
One benefits, one unaffected ## Footnote Commensal relationships are often subtle yet important for ecosystem balance.
69
What is mutualism?
Both benefit ## Footnote Mutualistic relationships enhance survival and reproduction for both species involved.
70
Define predation.
One organism feeds on another ## Footnote Predation is a crucial dynamic that regulates species populations in ecosystems.
71
What is meant by Tolerance Range?
Environmental conditions a species can survive ## Footnote Tolerance ranges determine the distribution of species in various ecosystems.
72
Define Carrying Capacity.
Max population size an ecosystem can support ## Footnote Carrying capacity is influenced by resource availability and environmental conditions.
73
What is bioaccumulation?
Toxins build up in a single organism ## Footnote Bioaccumulation can lead to harmful effects on individual organisms over time.
74
Define biomagnification.
Toxins increase up the food chain ## Footnote Biomagnification poses significant risks to top predators in ecosystems.
75
What is the Greenhouse Effect?
Heat trapped by gases like CO₂ ## Footnote The Greenhouse Effect is a natural process that warms the Earth’s surface.
76
List some impacts of climate change.
* Melting ice * Rising sea levels * Extreme weather ## Footnote Climate change poses significant threats to ecosystems and human societies.
77
What causes Acid Precipitation?
Caused by sulfur/nitrogen oxides mixing with water vapor ## Footnote Acid precipitation can damage forests, aquatic ecosystems, and infrastructure.
78
What are the impacts of Acid Precipitation?
Harms plants, aquatic life, and infrastructure ## Footnote The effects of acid precipitation can lead to long-term ecological damage.

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