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Biology Lecture Exam 1 > Biology II exam 1 > Flashcards

Biology II exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

population density

A

the number of individuals of a species per unit of area or volume at a given time

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2
Q

dispersion

A

Individuals in a population may exhibit characteristic patterns of spacing (dispersion) relative to one another

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3
Q

Random dispersion

A

occurs when individuals in a population are spaced throughout an area in a manner that is unrelated to the presence of others

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4
Q

Clumped dispersion

A

which occurs when individuals are concentrated in specific parts of the habitat.

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5
Q

Uniform dispersion

A

occurs when individuals are more evenly spaced than would be expected from a random occupation of a given habitat.

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6
Q

Population growth

A

the increase in the number of individuals within a specific species in a given area over a period of time

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7
Q

2 types of Dispersal

A

active dispersal and passive dispersal

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8
Q

Exponential Population growth

A

the accelerating population growth rate that occurs when optimal conditions allow that growth ( J shape plot)

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9
Q

Logistic Population Growth

A

a population increasing from a small number of individuals to a larger number that limited later by the environment (S shape plot).

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10
Q

Immigration

A

occurs when individuals enter a population and increase its size

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11
Q

Emigration

A

occurs when individuals leave a population and decrease its size

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12
Q

Carrying capacity

A

the maximum number of organisms that a specific environment can support over time

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13
Q

Explain how population size changes

A

Changes in population size are caused by natality, mortality, immigration, and emigration

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14
Q

Identify the levels of biological organization

A
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15
Q

How dispersal affects the population size?

A
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16
Q

Type I, II, and III survivorship curves

A

graphs that show how likely individuals in a population are to survive to different ages

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17
Q

Type 1

A

Individuals have a high probability of surviving to adulthood, but the death rate increases dramatically as they age

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18
Q

Type 2

A

Individuals have a constant chance of dying, regardless of age

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19
Q

Type 3

A

Individuals have a high death rate in early life, but a relatively low death rate for those who survive to middle and old age

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20
Q

distinguish among species exhibiting an r strategy from those with a K strategy

A
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21
Q

Ecological niche

A

ecological role within the structure and function of a community

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22
Q

habitat

A

the local environment in which a species lives

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23
Q

competition

A

when organisms or species compete for resources that are in limited supply

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24
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

When members of the same species compete for resources. For example, male birds of the same species competing for mates.

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25
Interspecific competition
When members of different species compete for resources. For example, predators of different species competing for the same prey.
26
Three types of interactions among species in a community:
*Competition *Predation *Symbiosis
27
mutualism
a symbiotic relationship in which both partners benefit
28
commensalism
symbiosis in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped
29
parasitisim
symbiotic relationship in which one member, (the parasite) benefits, and the other (the host) is harmed
30
evolution
the accumulation of genetic changes within populations over time
31
natural selection
the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change For survival
32
adaptation
an evolutionary modification that improves the chances of survival and reproductive success in a given environment
33
artificial selection
a biological process where humans deliberately select for specific traits in plants and animals
34
the four premises of evolution by natural selection according to darwin
variation overproduction limits on population growth, or a struggle for existence differential reproductive success.
35
variation
difference between individuals or groups of organisms in the same species
36
overproduction
The reproductive ability of each species has the potential to cause its population to geometrically increase over time
37
limits on population growth, or a struggle for existence
There is only so much food, water, light, growing space, and other resources available to a population, so organisms compete with one another for these limited resources.
38
differential reproductive success.
Those individuals that have the most favorable combination of characteristics (those that make individuals better adapted to their environment) are more likely to survive and reproduce.
39
Summarize the evidence for evolution obtained from the fossil record
demonstrating a progression of life forms over time, where older rock layers contain fossils of simpler organisms, while newer layers show more complex organisms, indicating that species have changed and evolved throughout Earth's history
40
biogeography
The study of the past and present geographic distribution of organisms
41
the names of the supercontinents
42
What evidence for evolution is derived from comparative anatomy?
Homologous Features And Homoplasy
43
vestigial structures
Nonfunctional or degenerate remnants Structures occasionally become vestigial
44
Homoplasy
Features that are analogous, not homologous
45
Homologous Features
Basic structural similarities Derived from same structure Indicate organism’s evolutionary affinities
46
population gene pool
All individuals living in a particular place at the same time
47
population genetics
Study of the distribution of alleles in populations and causes of allele frequency changes
48
genotype
the complete genetic makeup of an organism
49
phenotype
the observable physical properties of an organism
50
Alleles
one of multiple alternative forms of a gene
51
Calculate the frequency of genotypes, phenotypes and alleles
p² + 2pq + q² = 1 p + q = 1
52
p²
AA homozygous dominant
53
2pq
Aa heterozygous
54
q²
Homozygous ressesive
55
Describe the purpose of the Hardy-Weinberg principle
predicts how gene frequencies will be inherited from generation to generation given a specific set of assumptions.
56
the four mechanisms of microevolution
mutation genetic drift natural selection migration
57
mutation
mutation can cause a gene to change, which can alter the traits of an organism
58
genetic drift
a chance change in allele frequencies that occurs from generation to generation.
59
natural selection
when organisms with certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing their traits on to their offspring
60
migration
when individuals move from one population to another, which can change the allele frequencies in both populations
61
stabilizing selection
a type of natural selection that favors average traits and selects against extreme traits
62
directional selection
Selection against either dominant or recessive homozygote Additive effects
63
disruptive selection
type of natural selection that favors extreme traits over intermediate traits
64
the biological species concept
a species consists of individuals that can successfully interbreed with one another but not with individuals from other species
65
the evolutionary species concept
defines a species as a single lineage of ancestor-descendant populations that maintains its identity from other lineages
66
allopatric speciation
process that occurs when a population of a species becomes isolated from the rest of the species, leading to the development of a new species
67
sympatric speciation
the evolution of a new species from a single ancestral species while both populations continue to inhabit the same geographic region
68
prezygotic
before fertilization, or before the gametes join to form a zygote. prevent the formation of hybrids between different species.
69
Premating
a reproductive barrier that prevents different species from mating
70
postmating
events that occur after mating, such as the prevention of fertilization or the production of viable offspring Gamete Incompatibility
71
Postzygotic Barriers
One of several reproductive isolating mechanisms that prevent gene flow between species after fertilization has taken place
72
punctuated equilibrium
long periods of stasis are interrupted by short periods of rapid speciation
73
gradualism
a slow, steady change in species occurs over time.
74
extinction
Death of a species
75
Background extinction
continuous, low-level extinction of species
76
Mass extinction
extinction of numerous species, higher taxonomic groups
77

Biology Lecture Exam 1 (9 decks)

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