Biology Midterm Flashcards
(85 cards)
1
Q
What is matter?
A
anything that has mass and takes up space
2
Q
What is energy?
A
the ability to cause change
3
Q
How is matter typically organized in biology?
A
a pyramid
4
Q
What are the first two blocks of the matter pyramid?
A
biosphere and eco-system
5
Q
What are the 3rd and 4th blocks of the matter pyramid?
A
community and population
6
Q
What are the 5th and 6th blocks of the matter pyramid?
A
organ system and organ
7
Q
What are the 7th and 8th blocks of the matter pyramid
A
tissue and cells
8
Q
What are the 9th and 10th blocks of the matter pyramid?
A
organelles and macromolocules
9
Q
What are the building blocks of matter?
A
atoms
10
Q
The ________ is the smallest_____________.
A
atom, unit of matter
11
Q
What are the names of the three largest subatomic particles in the atom?
A
proton, nuetron, and electron
12
Q
Where is the proton?
A
nucleus
13
Q
Where is the nuetron?
A
nucleus
14
Q
Where is the electron?
A
electron cloud
15
Q
What charge does the proton have?
A
positive
16
Q
What charge does the nuetron have?
A
neutral
17
Q
What charge does the electron have?
A
negative
18
Q
How can we define a covalent bond?
A
2 or more molecules bonded together
19
Q
How can we define an ionic bond?
A
stealing electrons to create a charge
20
Q
What are the types of ionic bonds?
A
cations (positive), anions (negative)
21
Q
What does CHNOPS-Ca stand for?
A
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Sulfur, and Calcium
22
Q
What is CHNOPS-Ca significant?
A
It makes up 99% of the matter within an organism
23
Q
Which 4 elements are most prominent in biology?
A
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen
24
Q
Which subatomic particle acts as the “currency” for creating atomic bonds?
A
electrons
25
What do we call the outermost electrons of an atom?
reactants
26
Chemical Reaction Formula
reactants --> products
27
What is a catalyst?
molecules that lower the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction
28
What is chemical equilibrium?
state of a reaction when the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction
29
What is known as “the biological medium on Earth”?
water
30
How is water perfect for life?
-cohesion & adhesion
-temperature regulation
-expands when water is frozen
-universal solvent
31
Because we are 70% water, we can conclude that...
cells are 70% water
32
What is the difference between cohesion and adhesion?
cohesion - H2O sticks to itself due to polarity
adhesion - H2O sticks to other charged molecules due to polarity
33
Why is water an excellent temperature moderator?
Because H2O is a polar molecule, it can stick to itself, resisting molecular motion (heat)
34
How is kinetic energy related to water molecules?
H2O is always moving
35
What is heat?
the energy of molecular motion
36
What is temperature?
the measure if heat
37
What is a solution?
a combination of 2 or more substances (liquid)
38
What is a solven?
substance that breaks down/dissolves another substance
39
What is a solute?
substance that gets dissolved by the solvent
40
Why is water the solvent of life?
H2O is a polar molecule that pulls charged molecules apart
41
What is a macromolecule?
a large molecule made of many atoms
42
Which element is found throughout EVERY macromolecule?
Carbon
43
What are the four categories of macromolecules?
proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids
44
What is a monomer?
a "building block" molecule that can be used to make polymers
45
What is a polymer?
MAny monomers bonded together
46
Which of the four macromolecules does not utilize polymers?
Lipids
47
What is a carbohydrate?
a macromolecule that provided energy, structure, and communication
48
How do carbohydrates utilize monomers and polymers?
They are using it as monosaccharides (sugar) and polysaccharides
49
How are polysaccharides responsible for energy storage and structure in life?
Energy Storage:
-starch (plants)
-glycogen (animals)
Structure:
-cellulose (plants)
-chitin (animals)
50
What does a lipid do?
a macromolecule used for energy, structure, and communication
51
How are lipids unique?
Lipids are unique because they can be grouped together but not bonded together (don’t make polymers)
52
What are the three different types of lipids and what are they used for?
Fatty Acids - energy
Phospholipids - structure for cell membrane
Steroids - communication
53
What is a protein?
molecular machines that do the work of a cell and provide some energy
54
How do proteins utilize monomers and polymers?
Monomers - Amino Acids (20 diff. types)
Polymers - Polypeptides
55
How does the biological theme of structure and function emerge when studying proteins?
the way a protein is built/structured will determine its function
56
What is a motor protein?
proteins that can 'walk' around the cell and carry molecules
57
What is a nucleic acid used for?
A molecule that serves as DNA or RNA
58
How does nucleic acid utilize monomers and polymers?
monomers - nucleotides
polymers - polynucleotides
59
Who was Robert Hooke?
first discovered cells (wood cork)
60
What year did Robert Hooke discover the cell?
1665
61
Who was Antony van Leeuwenhoek?
first observed microscopic creatures. biology was a hobby, he was actually a seamster
62
What is Cell Theory?
1) All living things are made up of cells
2) Cells are the fundamental units for the function and structures of living organisms
3) Cells are produced from already existing cells
63
What are the two types of microscopes?
Compound Light Microscope and Electron Microscopes
64
What is the cell membrane?
the outer layer of the cell made out of phospholipids, proteins, steroids, and cabrohydrates
65
What is the cell membrane?
the outer layer of the cell made out of phospholipids, proteins, steroids, and carbohydrates
66
What are organelles?
specialized structures with specific functions
67
What are the two different types of cells?
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
68
What are the differences between the two different types of cells?
prokaryotic - no membrane bound organelles
eukaryotic - true membrane bound organelles
69
What cells have a cell wall? What cells have a plasma mebrane?
cell wall - plants
plasma membrane - all cells
70
What is the purpose of the plasma membrane?
1) protect the cell
2) structure of the cell
3) let things enter and exit the cell
71
What does it mean that the plasma membrane is selectively permeable?
it lets only certain things in and out of the cell
72
Why is the cell membrane called a fluid mosaic?
every component that makes up the membrane is constantly moving
73
What does structure mean?
the shape of something defines its function. change the shape, change the function
74
What is the phospholipid bilayer?
the basic unit of the plasma membrane and serves as a barrier between the different organelles of a cell
75
What is the cytoplasm?
It's semi-fluid and it keeps the organelles in place
76
What is the cytoskeleton?
It provides structure and pathways for transportation and placement
77
What is a nucleus?
Contains DNA, has a nuclear envelope, and nuclear pores
78
What is a ribosome?
Makes proteins also transfers RNA-molecules
79
What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?
rough - ribosomes on cover, makes proteins
smooth - no ribosomes on cover. produces enzymes
80
What is the Golgi Apparatus?
kind of like the post office
prepares proteins and lipids for their destinations
81
What is a vesicle?
tiny sacs that transport materials
82
What is a vacuole?
Typically, in plant cells
maintains water balance
Stores water
83
What is a lysosome?
the trash cans
take out the bad cells
84
What are centrioles?
forms spindles
85
What is a mitochonrium?
powerhouse of cells
where cellular respiration takes place
