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Prout Midterms > Biology Midterm > Flashcards

Biology Midterm Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

What are the goals of science?

A
  • provide natural and testable explanations
  • understand patterns in nature
  • make useful predictions
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2
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A proposed explanation of something to be further investigated

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3
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

the variable that is being measured

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4
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

the variable that is being changed in the experiment

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5
Q

What is a theory?

A

ideas intended to explain something

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6
Q

What objective should you start with on a microscope?

A

Start on the 4x or scanning objective lens

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7
Q

What is biology?

A

study of living organisms and their vital processes

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8
Q

What is the difference between ATP and ADP?

A
  • ATP has three phosphate groups and ADP has two
  • ATP contains more energy
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9
Q

How is energy formed?

A

it comes from nutrients that you eat in food

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10
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

stores the DNA and controls the cell

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11
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

encloses the nucleus and allows material to move in and out

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12
Q

Nucleolus

A

where the ribosomes are formed

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13
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

makes proteins

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14
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

makes lipids

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15
Q

Microtubules

A

maintain cell shape

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16
Q

Centrosome

A

Microtubule organizing center

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17
Q

Lysosome

A

digests food and waste materials

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18
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

modifies proteins

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19
Q

Mitochondria

A

produces energy

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20
Q

What does a plant cell have that animal cells don’t?

A
  • cell wall
  • one large vacuole
  • chloroplasts
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21
Q

What is cyanide?

A

fast-acting poisons

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22
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

internal conditions that your body maintains

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23
Q

What is cell transportation?

A

moving things in and out of the cell membrane

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24
Q

What is osmosis?

A

diffusion of water

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25
What is diffusion?
movement generally from and area of high to low concentration
26
What are the types of transport?
active and passive
27
What is facilitated diffusion?
spontaneous passive transport
28
What is the cell theory?
- cells are the basic unit of life - all cells come from preexisting cells - all living things are made of cells
29
Name two energy carrying molecules
- glucose - ATP
30
Photosynthesis equation
6CO2 + 6H2O - C6H12O6 + 6O2
31
Where does photosynthesis occur?
Plant cell in the chloroplasts
32
What happens during photosynthesis?
plants turn carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight into glucose and oxygen
33
What are the light dependent reactions?
convert light energy into chemical energy
34
What does the light independent reactions do?
builds glucose
35
Parts of a microscope
- eyepiece - body tube - arm - objective lenses - stage clips - diaphragm - coarse and fine focus - light - base - stage
36
Characteristics of life
- cell organizations - reproductions - DNA - growth and development - metabolism - stimulus - homeostasis - evolution
37
Scientific method
- make observations - form a hypothesis - test the hypothesis - draw conclusions - communicate results
38
Who was the first to see cells?
Robert Hooke
39
Prokaryotic cells
do not have a nucleus - bacteria - divide to reproduce
40
Eukaryotic cells
have a nucleus - plants, animals, fungi
41
What is cell diversity
sizes and shapes very
42
Cilia
hairlike structures used in movement
43
Flagella
long, tail-like structures used in movement
44
How is the cell like a factory?
- DNA has instructions - sent to ribosomes - ribosomes build protein - protein goes through ER - Golgi body packages and exports
45
What is the Endosymbiosis theory?
states that eukaryotic cells evolved when prokaryotic cells engulfed other cells
46
Contractile vacuoles
can pump out water
47
Law of conservation of matter
matter cannot be created or destroyed, it just changes forms
48
Law of conservation of energy
- cannot be created or destroyed - can be transferred from one form to another
49
Autotrophs
make food from the sun
50
Stoma
pennies on a leaf where gases are exchanged
51
Chloroplasts
where photosynthesis occurs
52
stroma
space between thylakoids
53
Stage 1 of photosynthesis
- light and water - realizes oxygen - thylakoid
54
Stage 2 of photosynthesis
- CO2 in - glucose out - stroma
55
what goes in the light dependent
-light -H2O
56
LD: what goes out
O2 ATP NADH
57
LI: what goes in
CO2 air NADPH
58
LI: what goes out
glucose ADP NAP
59
What does ATP require
glucose and oxygen
60
What happens when you use ATP?
it turns into ADP
61
Aerobic vs. anaerobic
Aerobic = with oxygen Anaerobic = without oxygen
62
Anaerobic
split the glucose into pyruvic acids
63
Fermentation
alcoholic (single celled/plants) lactic acid (animals)
64
Aerobic step 1
glycolysis - in cytoplasm - splitting glucose into pyruvic acid (2 ATP molecules)
65
Aerobic step 2
Krebs cycle - matrix - citric acid cycle - acid changed into 2 ATP
66
Aerobic step 3
Electron transport chain - cristae - hydrogen ions are bounced inside the mitochondria - makes 32 ATP
67
Mitochondria - Cell. Respiration
- fluid-filled matrix - folded cristae into the matrix
68
How does cancer form?
uncontrollable division of cells forms a tumor
69
Binign
tumor stops growing
70
Malignant
tumor continues to grow
71
Chromosomes
structures in nucleus that contain DNA - 46 in every cell - made of sister chromatids - held together by centromere
72
Cell Cycle
Interphase Mitosis Cytokinesis
73
Interphase
cells grow and perform functions and DNA copies itself - G1, S, G2
74
Mitosis
division of the nucleus - 12 hours
75
Cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm
76
Phases of mitosis
Prophase - spindle forms as centrioles move Metaphase - chromosomes line up in the center Anaphase - chromatids separate Telophase - nuclear membrane forms
77
Diploid
body cells - daughter cells are identical to parent cells
78
Cytokinesis
- animal cells pinch inward to make daughter cells - plants build a new cell wall
79
When does fermentation occur
after glycolysis in the absence of oxygen
80
Lactic acid fermentation
allows continuous production of ATP
81
Cellular Respiration Equation
C6H12O2 + O2 - CO2 + H2O + 36 ATP

Prout Midterms (4 decks)

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