Biology Midterm 3

Question 1

Three Pillars of Evolutionary Thought

Answer 1

1. Fixity of Species
2. Hierarchical Organization
3. Natural Theology`

Question 2

Fixity of Species

Answer 2

Species do not change over time

Question 3

Hierarchical Organization

Answer 3

Species fall into natural groups

Question 4

Natural Theology

Answer 4

All creation due to activities of Christian God

Question 5

Uniformitarianism

Answer 5

Whatever happened in the past is still happening now

Question 6

Components of Natural Selection

Answer 6

1. Variation within a species
2. Inheritance of variability
3. Struggle for Existence

Question 7

Ultimate Goal of Life

Answer 7

Maximum reproduction and successful progeny

Question 8

Evidences of Natural Selection

Answer 8

1. Artificial Selection
2. Comparative Anatomy
3. Embryology
4. Geographic Distribution
5. Progression of Fossil Forms
6. NeoDarwinian Synthesis

Question 9

Artificial Selection

Answer 9

Humans select traits and modify through reproduction

Question 10

Comparative Anatomy

Answer 10

Compare the forelimbs of vertebrates

Question 11

Embryology

Answer 11

Look at stages of embryo development to see common ancestry

Question 12

Geographic Distribution

Answer 12

Separated by geography

Question 13

NeoDarwinian Synthesis

Answer 13

More successful genotype is the more successful offspring

Question 14

Population

Answer 14

Individuals of same species living in a given geographical area

Question 15

Gene Pool

Answer 15

All of the genes of a population

Question 16

Allele Frequency

Answer 16

Relative proportion of each allele in the population

Question 17

Hardy Weinberg Principle

Answer 17

All frequencies remain unchanged.
No mutations or gene flow.
Very large population and completely random mating.

Question 18

Gene Flow

Answer 18

Movement of alleles to or from another population

Question 19

Genetic Drift

Answer 19

Some random event that removes some alleles from a small population

Question 20

Bottleneck

Answer 20

Population decreases due to an event

Question 21

Founder Effect

Answer 21

Small portions of a population “founds” new area

Question 22

Competition

Answer 22

Struggle for scarce resources

Question 23

Sexual Selection

Answer 23

Selection that acts on traits that are used to acquire a mate

Question 24

Effects of Natural Selection on Populations

Answer 24

1. Directional
2. Stabilizing
3. Disruptive

Question 25

Directional

Answer 25

Favors individuals on one extreme on the bell curve

Question 26

Stabilizing

Answer 26

Favors the average trait

Question 27

Disruptive

Answer 27

Favors BOTH extremes

Question 28

Biological Species Concept

Answer 28

Groups of actually interbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups

Question 29

Pre-Mating Isolating Mechanisms

Answer 29

Geography, Ecology, Temporal, Behavior, Mechanical

Question 30

Post-Mating Isolating Mechanisms

Answer 30

Gametic Incompatibility, Hybrid In-viability, Hybrid Infertility

Question 31

Speciation Components

Answer 31

Population Isolation, Genetic Divergence

Question 32

Genetic Divergence

Answer 32

Multiple generations of a species

Question 33

Allopatric Speciation

Answer 33

Geographically Separated, Invasion of Habitat

Question 34

Sympatric Speciation

Answer 34

Isolation without geographic separation, Ecological niche differences

Question 35

Adaptive Radiation

Answer 35

Many speciation events in a short time

Question 36

Ways to Become Extinct

Answer 36

Localized Distribution, Overspecialization

Question 37

Localized Distribution

Answer 37

Found only in one place

Question 38

Overspecialization

Answer 38

Can only survive in limited environment

Question 39

Taxonomy

Answer 39

The naming of organisms

Question 40

Phylogeny

Answer 40

Classification system based on evolutionary history

Question 41

Systematics

Answer 41

Discovering those evolutionary relationships

Question 42

Clade

Answer 42

"Family Tree" of groups of organisms

Question 43

Homologous Structures

Answer 43

Similar structures show similar evolutionary history

Question 44

Vestigial Structures

Answer 44

Maintaining structures that don't serve a purpose

Question 45

Convergent Evolution

Answer 45

Anatomical similarities not derived from common ancestry

Question 46

Analogous Structures

Answer 46

Structures with similar function, but dissimilar anatomy

Question 47

Alternation of Generations

Answer 47

Switching between haploid and diploid structures in one life cycle

Question 48

Non-Vascular Plants

Answer 48

No pipes, Need moist habitat, Gametophyte is dominant

Question 49

Vascular Plants

Answer 49

Have pipes to transport water

Question 50

Xylem

Answer 50

Move water and minerals upwards against gravity; interior of stem

Question 51

Phloem

Answer 51

Move sugar and other nutrients from leaves to rest of plant; exterior of stem

Question 52

Gymnosperms

Answer 52

Seeded, non-flowering

Question 53

Angiosperms

Answer 53

Seeded, flowering

Question 54

Flowers

Answer 54

Used to attract pollinators as sperm transporters

Question 55

Fruit

Answer 55

Food storage for seed, transportation to new location

Question 56

Tissue

Answer 56

Group of cells that act as one functional unit

Question 57

Radial Symmetry

Answer 57

Can be cut in any direction with equal halves

Question 58

Bilateral Symmetry

Answer 58

Can be cut in ONE direction with equal halves

Question 59

Types of Invertebrates

Answer 59

Sponges, Jellies, Comb Jellies, Flatworms, Segmented Worms, Gastropods, Insects, Echinoderms

Question 60

2 Chambered Heart

Answer 60

Single Circulation; Fish

Question 61

3 Chambered Heart

Answer 61

Double Circulation; Reptile/Amphibian

Question 62

4 Chambered Heart

Answer 62

Double Circulation; Mammals