Biology notes not covered Flashcards
(68 cards)
What is the difference in fermentation pathways between animals and plants?
In animals, pyruvate is converted to lactate. In plant and yeast cells, pyruvate is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide.
How many molecules of ATP are produced by fermentation in both plants and animals?
Fermentation pathways in both plants and animals only produce the initial two molecules of ATP.
Where does fermentation occur?
Fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm.
Where does aerobic respiration start and finish?
Aerobic respiration starts in the cytoplasm and is completed inside the mitochondria.
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
What is the word equation for fermentation in animals?
Glucose → Lactic Acid + Energy
What is the word equation for fermentation in plants?
Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide + Energy
What happens to each pyruvate in aerobic respiration?
Each pyruvate is broken down to carbon dioxide and water, yielding a large number of ATP molecules.
What is the outcome of glucose breakdown in both aerobic respiration and fermentation?
Glucose is broken down to two molecules of pyruvate, yielding two molecules of ATP.
What does the further breakdown of pyruvate depend on?
The presence or absence of oxygen.
What is respiration?
Respiration is when the chemical energy stored in glucose is released by all cells through a series of enzyme-controlled reactions.
Which cells contain a high number of mitochondria?
Muscle Cells: Muscle cells, especially those in skeletal muscles, require a lot of energy for contraction, so they have many mitochondria to produce ATP.
Sperm Cells: Sperm cells need energy for movement, particularly for the flagellum (tail) to swim, so they contain numerous mitochondria.
Neurone Cells: Neurons require a lot of energy to transmit electrical impulses and maintain ion gradients, so they have many mitochondria to support these processes.
How is ATP generated from glucose breakdown?
The energy released from the breakdown of glucose is used to generate ATP from ADP and phosphate.
How can genetic information be transferred between cells?
Genetic information can be transferred from one cell to another by genetic engineering.
Give examples of two enzymes their specific substrate and the product of the reaction.
Amylase:
Substrate: Starch
Product: Maltose (a sugar)
Reaction: Amylase breaks down starch into smaller sugar units (maltose) during digestion.
Lipase:
Substrate: Lipids (fats)
Product: Fatty acids and glycerol
Reaction: Lipase breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol, aiding in fat digestion.
What is the result of enzyme action?
Enzyme action results in product/products.
What is the role of Messenger RNA (mRNA)?
mRNA carries a copy of the code from the DNA in the nucleus to a ribosome, where the protein is assembled from amino acids.
What contributes to the variety of protein shapes and functions?
The sequence of amino acids contributes to the variety of protein shapes and functions.
Give examples of the various functions of proteins: - to include structural, enzymes, hormones, antibodies and receptors.
Structural: Collagen provides strength and structure to connective tissues like skin and tendons.
Enzymes: Amylase helps break down starch into sugar during digestion.
Hormones: Insulin regulates blood sugar levels.
Antibodies: Immunoglobulins (like IgG) fight infections by binding to pathogens.
Receptors: Insulin receptors on cell membranes detect insulin and trigger cellular responses.
Each type of protein plays a crucial role in the body’s functions.
What exists between cells and their environment?
Different concentrations of substances exist between cells and their environment, creating concentration gradients. Substances like oxygen, nutrients, and waste products can move in and out of cells based on these gradients. This difference in concentration is key for processes like diffusion and active transport.
Explain the importance of diffusion to a cell, for substances such as: - glucose, amino acids, oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Diffusion is crucial for cells because it allows substances to move across cell membranes without using energy. Here’s why it’s important for each substance:
Glucose: Diffuses into cells for energy production (cellular respiration).
Amino Acids: Diffuse into cells to be used in protein synthesis.
Oxygen: Diffuses into cells for cellular respiration to produce energy.
Carbon Dioxide: Diffuses out of cells as a waste product of cellular respiration.
Diffusion ensures that cells get essential nutrients and remove waste efficiently.
Give examples of active transport.
Sodium-Potassium Pump (Nerve Cells): In nerve cells, sodium ions are actively pumped out, and potassium ions are pumped in, against their concentration gradients, using energy (ATP). This helps maintain the resting potential and supports nerve impulses.
Iodine in Seaweeds: Seaweeds use active transport to absorb iodine from seawater, even when the iodine concentration is lower outside the cell than inside. This helps them store iodine for metabolic processes.
Describe the structure of an individual villus –identifying blood capillary and lacteal.
An individual villus is a small, finger-like projection in the small intestine, designed to increase surface area for nutrient absorption. Here’s its structure:
Epithelial Cells: These line the villus and have microvilli on their surface, further increasing surface area.
Blood Capillary: A tiny blood vessel inside the villus that absorbs amino acids and sugars (like glucose) from digested food into the bloodstream.
Lacteal: A lymphatic vessel inside the villus that absorbs fatty acids and glycerol (from fats) into the lymphatic system for transport.
The presence of both a blood capillary and a lacteal allows the villus to absorb different types of nutrients efficiently.
State what blood capillary and the lacteal absorbs.
The blood capillary absorbs glucose and amino acids, and the lacteal absorbs fatty acids and glycerol.
