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1
Q

What is an organism?

A

An organism is an individual that is living (biotic) and made up of at least one cell.

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2
Q

What does multicellular mean?

A

Multicellular means made up of more than one cell.

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3
Q

Give an example of a multicellular organism.

A

A blue whale is a multicellular organism.

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4
Q

What does unicellular mean?

A

Unicellular means made up of only one cell.

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5
Q

Provide an example of a unicellular organism.

A

Aquatic algae Caulerpa taxifolia is a unicellular organism.

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6
Q

Define biotic.

A

Biotic means that it is living; made up of at least one cell.

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7
Q

Define abiotic.

A

Abiotic means that it is not living.

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8
Q

What is cell theory?

A

The theory that biotic things are made up of at least one cell, and these cells are the basic unit of life and came from preexisting cells.

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9
Q

What is cytosol?

A

The liquids inside a cell, between the organelles (does not include the organelles).

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10
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

A non membrane bound organelle involved in the synthesis of proteins.

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11
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

A membrane made up of two layers (known as a bilayer) of phospholipids that encloses the contents of a cell.

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12
Q

What does semi-permeable mean?

A

A membrane that only lets certain substances cross it.

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13
Q

List the components of the plasma membrane.

A
  • Phospholipids
  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates
  • Cholesterol
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14
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A

A model that represents the plasma membrane as a combination (mosaic) of phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates that gives the membrane its fluid nature.

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15
Q

What characterizes a prokaryotic cell?

A

Lacks membrane-bound organelles and contains ribosomes.

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16
Q

What characterizes a eukaryotic cell?

A

Contains membrane-bound organelles and can be single-celled or multicellular.

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17
Q

What is the nucleoid?

A

An irregularly shaped area in a prokaryote where the genetic material is located.

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18
Q

What is endosymbiosis?

A

A beneficial relationship between two organisms where one lives inside the other.

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19
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Stores and executes the genetic code in the DNA.

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20
Q

What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Synthesis and transport of lipids (Smooth ER) and transports proteins (Rough ER).

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21
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Modifies and packages proteins into secretory vesicles for exporting from the cell.

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22
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Membrane bound sacs containing digestive enzymes that break down materials no longer required.

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23
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Site of stages 2 and 3 of aerobic cellular respiration, which releases usable energy in the form of ATP molecules.

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24
Q

What is the role of chloroplasts?

A

Site of photosynthesis, converting carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

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25
What is the function of the cell wall?
Provides cellular structure and protection, found in plant cells.
26
What are cilia and flagella?
Microtubule projections from the cell providing motility or movement of fluid.
27
Fill in the blank: The _______ is the site of protein synthesis.
Ribosomes
28
True or False: Animal cells have a cell wall.
False
29
What is a polar molecule?
A molecule that has different charged sides (poles) and dissolves in water ## Footnote Known as a polar substance.
30
Define hydrophilic.
Dissolves readily in water, also known as lipophobic ## Footnote Hydrophilic substances are attracted to water.
31
Define lipophilic.
Dissolves readily in lipids, also known as hydrophobic ## Footnote Lipophilic substances are attracted to fats.
32
What is passive transport?
A net movement of a substance from a region of high concentration to low concentration without energy input ## Footnote Examples include simple diffusion and osmosis.
33
What is active transport?
A net movement of a substance from low concentration to high concentration using a protein carrier and requiring energy input ## Footnote Involves ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
34
List the types of passive transport.
* Simple diffusion * Osmosis * Facilitated diffusion
35
List the types of active transport.
* Active transport * Bulk transport (endocytosis and exocytosis)
36
How does size affect the rate of diffusion?
The smaller the molecules, the higher the rate of diffusion ## Footnote Smaller molecules can move more easily through the medium.
37
How does concentration affect the rate of diffusion?
The greater the difference in concentration (concentration gradient), the higher the rate of diffusion.
38
How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion?
The higher the temperature, the higher the rate of diffusion due to increased molecular vibrations.
39
Define osmosis.
The net passive movement of free water from a region of high free water concentration to low across a semipermeable membrane until equilibrium is reached.
40
What is facilitated diffusion?
Diffusion with assistance from a carrier protein or channel protein ## Footnote Involves hydrophilic or polar substances that cannot diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer.
41
What is crenation?
The shrinkage of a cell that occurs when there is net movement of water out of the cell in a hypertonic solution.
42
What does a dilute solution refer to?
A solution with a high concentration of free water molecules and a low concentration of solute.
43
What does a concentrated solution refer to?
A solution with a low concentration of free water molecules and a high concentration of solute.
44
Define flaccid.
Refers to a plant cell that is limp due to lack of water.
45
What is haemolysis?
The rupture or bursting of a red blood cell when there is net movement of water into a cell in a hypertonic solution.
46
Define hypertonic solution.
A solution that has a higher solute concentration than the cell's internal environment.
47
Define hypotonic solution.
A solution that has a lower solute concentration than the cell's internal environment.
48
Define isotonic solution.
A solution that has the same solute concentration as the cell's internal environment.
49
What is plasmolysis?
The contraction of the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of a plant cell away from the cell wall due to water movement out of the cell.
50
Define tonicity.
The concentration of solutes dissolved in an extracellular solution that can determine the direction and rate of osmosis.
51
What does turgid refer to?
A plant cell that has expanded or swollen due to net passive movement of free water into the cell.
52
Define surface area in the context of a cell.
The area on the outside of a cell that is exposed to the external environment.
53
What does surface area to volume ratio (SA:V) refer to?
The relationship between the surface area of the plasma membrane and the volume of the cytoplasm.
54
Define volume in the context of a cell.
The amount of space inside a cell, specifically the cytoplasm.
55
What is ADP?
A compound composed of adenosine and two phosphate groups that can store energy when converted to ATP.
56
What is aerobic cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP.
57
What is anaerobic cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen, also known as fermentation.
58
Define autotroph.
An organism that synthesizes its own organic materials by taking in energy from its environment.
59
Define cellular respiration.
A chemical reaction where glucose is broken down to form carbon dioxide and water, producing ATP.
60
What is chemical energy?
Energy from organic chemicals in food.
61
What is chlorophyll?
The green pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
62
What are cristae?
The highly folded inner membrane of mitochondria, site of the electron transport chain.
63
What is endosymbiosis?
A beneficial relationship where one organism lives inside another.
64
Define fermentation.
The process of breaking down glucose in the absence of oxygen to produce ATP.
65
What is glycolysis?
The first stage of cellular respiration where glucose is broken down into pyruvate, producing ATP without oxygen.
66
What are grana?
Stacks of thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts where the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis occurs.
67
Define heterotroph.
An organism that ingests organic materials by feeding on autotrophs or other organisms.
68
What is the light-dependent stage in photosynthesis?
The first stage of photosynthesis occurring in the grana.
69
What is light energy?
Energy from the sun used in photosynthesis.
70
What is the light-independent stage in photosynthesis?
The second stage of photosynthesis occurring in the stroma.
71
What is the matrix in mitochondria?
The fluid component where the Krebs cycle occurs.
72
Define photosynthesis.
A chemical reaction converting carbon dioxide and water into glucose using sunlight.
73
What is stroma?
Gel-like fluid inside a chloroplast surrounding the grana, site of the light-independent stage.
74
What are thylakoid membranes?
Interconnected membranes inside chloroplasts that house chlorophyll.

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