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Biology Paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are chromosomes made of?

A

DNA molecules

Each chromosomes carries a large number of genes

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2
Q

What does the nucleus of a cell contain?

A

Chromosomes

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3
Q

In body cells why are the chromosomes normally found in quadrets?

A

They arn’t they are found in pairs

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4
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

A series of stages of which a cell divides in two, where genetic info is doubled into two identical cells

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5
Q

What happens before mitosis? (include this in an answer about mitisis)

A

1st stage)

The cell increases in size
The subcelluar structures (such as mitrochondria) divide
The DNA is then duplicated which formes an X- shaped chromosome.

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6
Q

What is special about the X-shaped chromosome?

A

Each arm is identical to the other so that both daughter cells will be geneticly identical

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7
Q

What are the stages of mitosis

A

Second stage)

The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and cell fibres pull them apart. A membrane then formes around each set of chromosomes (this is the nuclei of each new daughter cell

Third stage)

Finaly the cytoplasm and the cell membrane divides

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8
Q

How similar are two daughter cells after mitosis?

A

They are geneticly identical also with the parent cell

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9
Q

Where do you find a lot of mitosis?

A

In multicelluar organisms as it is important to replace dead/old cells ect

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10
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

An undifferentiated cell of an organism which still has the ability to specilise

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11
Q

What can stem cells from embryos do?

A

They can be cloned and can be made to differentiate (specilise) in almost any cell

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12
Q

What can stem cells from adults do?

What about from bone marrow?

A

They have alreay differentialated and can therefore only specilise to be where they were taken from

(From spec) they can form many different types of cells including blood cells

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13
Q

What can stem cells from the meristem do?

A

They can differentiate into any plant cell throught the life of the plant

(It never looses the ability to differentiate)

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14
Q

What may stem cell’s be able to treat?

A

Diabetes, paralysis

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15
Q

What happens in therapeutic cloning?

A

An embryo is produced with the same genes as the patient. These cells may be used for medical treatment as they won’t be rejected by the patients body

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16
Q

What are the disadvantages of stem cell treatments?

A

There could be a risk of catching a virus if the cells grown in the lab got contaminated

It may go against religious and ethical views

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17
Q

What may a stem cell from a meristem be used for?

A

To produce a clone of the plant which it came from quickly and economicly

Rare species may be cloned to protect them from going extinct
Crops and plants with special features may be cloned (eg needed for making medicine) can be made quickly

(My idea) may be used for economic purposes pf mass trowing of cash crops

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18
Q

What is an organ system?

Give an example?

A

A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

Digestive system

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19
Q

Describe an enzyme?

A

It has an active side (which is specific to a specific type of molecule) which binds to the molecule (a substrate) and causes it to break up into different bits

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20
Q

What happens to enzymes as temprature increases?

A

The enzyme will have more kinetic eneergy and therefore will move faster which may lead to an increase in the rate if reaction however if the temprature increases further (about 40º) then the enzyme’s active side may become deformed. This means that the enzyme has becoem denatured and it will now no longer be able to catalys reactions

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21
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

Coronary heart disease is when layers of fatty acids build up insode the coronary arteries, narrowing them. This reduces blood flow through the coronary arteries resulting to a lack of blood and oxygen for the heart muscle

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22
Q

What do stents do?

A

They are a wired cage that can be inserted into a valve. They will keep the valve wide open to allow blood to go through

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23
Q

What is statin?

Whta does it do?

A

A drug

It reduced blood cholesterol which slows down the build up of fatty acids in the coronary arteries

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24
Q

What are falty valves?

A

Valves that can’t open fully or they may leak blood back through them

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25
What may faulty valves lead to?
This could lead to a backflow of blood which may mean that other parts of the body arn't getting enough blood as the blood circulation is less efficent
26
How may a faulty valve be fixed?
Biological or mechanical methods such as transplants from a pig or a transplant of a mechanical man made valve
27
How may heart failure be fixed?
Through transplant This may also be done for lungs It could be a transplant of a natual heart from someone who recently died or an mechanical heart
28
What may a mechanical heart be used for?
To keep someone wlove if a donar heart cannot be found To help the heart to rest (being used as an aid to recovery)
29
What are the disadvantages of a mechanical heart?
They can't be relied on forever. They can only keep a patient alive for a certian amount of time
30
What are the advantages of treating cardiovascalin diseased using drugs?
They are effective They increase the amount of "good" cholesteral in your blood Some studdies show that stain may also help prevent some other diseases
31
What are the advantages of treating cardiovascalin diseased using transplants
It is effective You will be getting a new healthy heart. You only need to do it once (hopefuly)
32
What are the advantages of treating cardiovascalin diseased using mechanical devices?
It's effective | Only have to do it once (hopefuly)
33
How may different types of diseases interact with each other?
A phycical disease that prohibits movement could cause a metal disease like depression A virus could trigger cancer Problems woth the immune system may mean that a person is more lilkley to suffer from an infectios disease Immune reactions may cause an allergie such as sking rashes or asthma
34
What is health?
The metal and phycicals wellbeing of a person
35
What may effect a persons health?
``` Diet Lifestyle Stress Non communical diseases Communical diseases ```
36
What is the lock and key theory?
The substrate binds to the active side of an enzyme which then breaks it into smaller pieces
37
Where is protease produced? What does this work on?
In the stomach or the pancrease or small intestine
38
Where is amylase produced? What does this work on?
Salivary glands (mouth) Small intestine
39
Where is lipase produced? What does this work on?
Small intestine, | pancrease
40
What may happen to something after an enzyme has catalysed it?
They break up into smaller molecules and will probaly be absorbed into the bloodstream
41
What type pf enzyme breaks down carbohydrates? Into what?
A carbohydrase into simple sugars
42
What is amylase?
A carbohydrase whcih breaks down starch specificly
43
What breaks down protiens? Into what?
Proteases into amino acids
44
What breaks down fats (or lipids)? Into what?
Lipases into glycerol and fatty acids
45
What are the products of digestion used for?
Glucose may be used in resporation To build new carbohydrates, lipas and protiens
46
Where is bile made?
Made in the Liver and stored in the gallbladder
47
Describe bile? What does it do?
It is an alkaline used to neutralise hydrochloric acid from the stomach. It also emulsifies fats (increasing the surface area. This increases the rate of reaction of lipids
48
What does emulsified mean?
Bile breaks down fats into tiny dropplests so that it's surface area has been increased
49
How does non communical diseases effect people?
You may die. Treatment may cost a lot. You may have a lower quality of life Your loved ones may suffer You may die early and the families income may be reduced Spend a lot of money on developing treatments Families/neighbourhoods may need to adapt their homes (wheel chair toilets - also public ones)
50
What are some risk facters of getting a non communical disease?
``` Smoking Cancer Exposure of Carcogens Alcohol Your lifestyle ```
51
What may drinking alcohol do?
Scar your liver (cirrosis) or kill liver cells reducing it's ability to work May lead to liver or brain cancer
52
What may smoking do?
Lung cancer | Increase change of lung related diseases
53
What may happen if you smoke whilst pregant?
The baby won't get enough oxygen amd therefore the baby may not grow properly Could be born with a low birth weight or still born
54
What is obesity a risk factpr for?
Type 2 diabetes
55
What may happen if you drink alcohol whilst pregnat?
Could pass imto the baby and lead to a low birth weight, still orn or miscariage
56
The answer is P
P
57
Describe the pathway of blood through the heart?
Vena cava (RHS) -- right atrium -- right ventricke -- pulmonary artery (pumps blood to lungs) -- pulmonary vein (LHS) -- left atrium -- left ventricle -- aorta (pumps blood to the rest of the body)
58
Which part of the heart is on the bottom?
The vertricles
59
Which part of the heart is on the top?
The atrium
60
Which sideof the heart is the left side?
The right side (because a diagram is you looking at it)
61
What is the function of the heart?
It is a double ciricultory system which pumps blood around the body
62
Whete does gas exchange happen?
The lungs
63
Where does the right ventricle pump blood to?
The lungs
64
Where does the left ventricle pump blood to?
The rest of the body
65
How are the lungs addapted for gas exchange?
The alveoli have a large surface area to volume ratio. Ther are millions and millions of them They are surrounded by ribs to protect them
66
What is the trachea?
The windpipe where air goes down to get to the lungs
67
What is the bronchi?
These are tubes that lead air to the alveoli's
68
What are the alveolis?
Little air sacks that transfer oxygen into the blood Carbon dioxide diffuses out from the blood whilst oxygen diffuses into the blood
69
What is the natual resting heart beat controlled by? Where?
A group of cells on the right atrium that act as a pacemaker
70
What is an artificual pacemaker?
Electrical divices which can be inserted in the heart to correct irregalities in the heart (by shocking it)
71
What is blood?
It is a tissue consisting of plasma where red and white blood cells and platoets are suspended ...
72
What is the function of red blood cells?
They deliver oxygen around the body for respiration in cells
73
What is the function of white blood cells?
To kill pathogens
74
What is the function of platlets?
To break off and form blood clotts to stop us from bleeding out
75
What is the structure of blood plasma?
Straw yellow liquid Made up of water and dissolved substances
76
What is the function of blood plasma?
Transport things around the body such as heat or waste and other dissolved substances
77
What is the structure of a red blood cell?
Very small - provides a large SA:V ratio Contain haemoglobin (which is a pink pigment) - which binds to oxygen to make oxyhaemoglobin They are shaped like discs - (biconcave) but are thicker at the edges They have no nucleus (so there is no space for haemoglobin.
78
What is the structure of white blood cells?
Much bigger than red blood cells No diffined shape Much fewer than red blood cells ...? (Relevant) They have a nucleus
79
What is the structure of platelets?
Tiny fragments of cells No nucleus They cause blood to clot
80
What is a benign tumor?
A growth of abnormal cells whcih are contained in one area which havn't invaded other parts of the body theough the blood stream or by invading neighbouring tissues
81
What is a malignant tumor?
Growths of abnormal cells which have invaded other part of the body through the blood stream or by invading neighbouring tissues where they form secondary tumors
82
What is cancer?
A non communical disease which developes as a result of changes in the cell leading to uncontrollable growth and division forming tumors
83
What are risks of developing cancer?
Carcogens. Smoking, alchol ect Risks in lifestyle Genetic risks
84
You need to know about photosynsis
Use B8 photosynis flashcards
85
What is the test for starch?
Iodine solution Add iodine solution (brick red) - if starch is present it will turn black or blue-black
86
What is the test for sugars?
Benedicts test Add benedicts solition (blue) - heat for 5-10 mins - if sugar is present then it will turn orange
87
What is the test for proteins?
Biuret test Add biuret solution (blue) - if protein is present it will turn purple
88
What is the test for lipids?
Sufan III Test (You add Sufan III (red) if the red moves to the top and the bottom turns colourless then fats are present) Put a sample in a test tube - pour ethenal around the edges If a white mist appears then lipids is present Uncrubecneicmeicmei
89
What is metabolism?
The sum of all the chemical reactions in a cell or the body
90
Test
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Advanced Notice Science (8 decks)

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