Biology paper 2

Question 1

Define the nervous system

Answer 1

An organ system made up of nerves and neurons that transmit electrical signals around the body.

Question 2

Define homeostasis

Answer 2

The regulation and control of internal conditions around an optimum point.

Question 3

Explain why homeostasis is important

Answer 3

Maintains enzyme activity and cell functions.

Question 4

Give the conditions that need to be controlled in the human body

Answer 4

Blood glucose concentration, temperature and water levels.

Question 5

Define a stimulus

Answer 5

A change in the internal/external environment of an organism.

Question 6

Define receptors

Answer 6

Cells that detect stimuli.

Question 7

Define coordination centres

Answer 7

Areas that receive and process information from receptors (brain).

Question 8

Define effector

Answer 8

Muscles or glands that respond to stimuli.

Question 9

Define neurone

Answer 9

Specialised cells adapted to carry electrical impulses around the body.

Question 10

Give the 3 types of neuron

Answer 10

Sensory, relay and motor neurons.

Question 11

Describe the role of a sensory neuron

Answer 11

Carries impulses from receptors to the coordination centre (brain).

Question 12

Describe the role of a relay neurone

Answer 12

Carries impulses across the Central Nervous System.

Question 13

Describe the role of a motor neuron

Answer 13

Carries impulses from the coordination centre to effectors.

Question 14

Define reflexes

Answer 14

Rapid, automatic responses.

Question 15

Explain why reflexes are important

Answer 15

They keep us safe.

Question 16

Explain why reflexes are so fast

Answer 16

They do not involve the brain.

Question 17

Define the endocrine system

Answer 17

An organ system made up of glands that secrete hormones.

Question 18

Define a hormone

Answer 18

Chemical messenger released from a gland.

Question 19

Describe how a hormone gets to its target organ

Answer 19

In the bloodstream.

Question 20

Name the glands that make up the endocrine system

Answer 20

Pituitary, Thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, testes, ovaries.

Question 21

Give the role of the pituitary gland

Answer 21

Controls growth. Stimulates other glands.

Question 22

Give the role of the thyroid gland

Answer 22

Controls metabolic rate.

Question 23

Give a role of the pancreas

Answer 23

Controls blood glucose concentration.

Question 24

Give the role of the adrenal gland

Answer 24

Prepares the body for fight or flight situations.

Question 25

Give the role of the testes

Answer 25

Controls secondary sexual characteristics in men.

Question 26

Give the role of the ovaries

Answer 26

Controls secondary sexual characteristics in women.

Question 27

Describe why the pituitary gland is classed as the master gland.

Answer 27

It produces a number of different hormones, and it stimulates a number of different glands.

Question 28

Name two hormones that are involved in controlling blood glucose

Answer 28

Insulin (lowers glucose levels) and glucagon (raises glucose levels).

Question 29

Describe the effect of insulin secretion

Answer 29

Causes glucose to be taken up by cells and converted to glycogen by the liver.

Question 30

Describe the effect of glucagon secretion

Answer 30

Liver converts glycogen to glucose.

Question 31

What happens if you have type 1 diabetes?

Answer 31

Pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin.

Question 32

Describe how type 1 diabetes is caused

Answer 32

Genetic factors or damage to the pancreas.

Question 33

Describe how type 1 diabetes is treated

Answer 33

Insulin injections, regular exercise, changing diet.

Question 34

What happens if you have type 2 diabetes

Answer 34

Your cells stop responding to insulin.

Question 35

Describe how type 2 diabetes is caused

Answer 35

Obesity, lack of exercise.

Question 36

Describe how type 2 diabetes is treated

Answer 36

Regular exercise, changing diet.

Question 37

Name the 4 hormones involved in the menstrual cycle

Answer 37

FSH, LH, oestrogen and progesterone.

Question 38

Give the role of FSH

Answer 38

Causes eggs to mature.

Question 39

Give the role of oestrogen

Answer 39

Stops FSH and starts LH production.

Question 40

Give the role of LH

Answer 40

Causes an egg to be released.

Question 41

Give the role of progesterone

Answer 41

Maintains uterus lining.

Question 42

Give the advantages of IVF

Answer 42

Safe, helps same sex couples have children, increases the chances of older women having a baby, unused embryos can be donated for research.

Question 43

Give the disadvantages of IVF

Answer 43

Expensive, not always successful, multiple pregnancies are possible, fertility drugs have side effects.

Question 44

Define contraception

Answer 44

Methods used to stop the sperm and egg meeting or a fertilised egg implanting in the uterus.

Question 45

Name methods of contraception that use hormones

Answer 45

Mixed pill, progesterone pill, patch, implant, injection.

Question 46

Name the non-hormonal methods of contraception

Answer 46

Condoms, diaphragm, IUD, spermicides, sterilisation.