biology part 1

Question 1

what is the formula for microscopy

Answer 1

measured size/ actual size

m= i/a

Question 2

what is the function of the course focus

Answer 2

An unclear focus

Question 3

what is the function of the fine focus

Answer 3

a clear view

Question 4

what is the function of the objective lens

Answer 4

brings the cell to focus

Question 5

what is the function of the stage

Answer 5

Supports the specimen

Question 6

what is the function of the light source

Answer 6

A source of light that helps sees the specimen clearer

Question 7

what are the disadvantages of using a light microscope

Answer 7

the wavelength of the light limits the microscope from seeing inside of the specimen.

Question 8

what is the formula for total magnification

Answer 8

magnification of the eyepiece lens X magnification of the objective lens.

Question 9

what magnification does the eyepiece usually have

Answer 9

x10

Question 10

what is the greatest magnification of the objective lens

Answer 10

x100

Question 11

what is the greatest total magnification

Answer 11

x1000

Question 12

How do you set up a specimen

Answer 12

• the specimen must be thin so that a light/ electron beam can pass through.
• a coverslip is needed to protect the specimen and lens from touching.
• Stains can help distinguish different features of the specimen.

Question 13

what are the disadvantages of using an electron microscope

Answer 13

it can only examine dead specimens,

Question 14

what are the advantages of using an electron microscope

Answer 14

it has a shorter wavelength allowing us to see more details in the specimen

Question 15

what is the formula for actual size

Answer 15

Measured size/ magnification

Question 16

what structures can a light microscope see

Answer 16

DNA
Plasma membrane
ribosomes
cytoplasm

Question 17

what structures can an electron microscope see

Answer 17

Plasma membrane 
Rough ER 
Smooth ER
Mitrochondia
Cytoplasm
ribosomes
golgi apparatus
lysomome
centrioles
nucleus
vesicle
nucleolus

Question 18

what is the function of the Plasma membrane

Answer 18

• protects the cell from its surroundings

- regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Question 19

what is the function of the Rough ER

Answer 19

• series of single, flattened sacs
• surrounded by ribosomes on the surface.
• proteins made here

Question 20

what are prokaryotes

Answer 20

bacteria, they are made of single cells with no membrane-bound organelles

Question 21

what is the function of the smooth ER

Answer 21

• A series of single, sacs made of membrane.

- lipids are made here.

Question 22

what is the function of the mitochondrion

Answer 22

• surrounded by a double membrane.
• inner membrane folded into finger-like projections called cristae.
• central area contains a jelly called the matrix.
• contains ribosomes and DNA
• site of respiration

Question 23

what is the function of the cytoplasm

Answer 23

• Fluid that fills a cell
• dissolves molecules in a solution (enzymes, sugars, amino acids and fatty acids)
• site of metabolic processes

Question 24

what is the function of the ribosome

Answer 24

-site of protein synthesis

Question 25

what is the function of the Golgi apparatus

Answer 25

- series of single, curved sacs enclosed in a membrane. - vesicles cluster around the Golgi. - modifies proteins and packages them in vesicles for transportation.

Question 26

what is the function of the lysosome

Answer 26

- enclosed by a single membrane - contains digestive enzymes - destroys old organelles and pathogens

Question 27

what is the function of the centrioles

Answer 27

- two hollow cylinders - arranged at right- angles to eachother - makes the spindle in cell division

Question 28

what is the function of the nucleus

Answer 28

- surrounded by a double membrane | - holes in the nuclear membrane

Question 29

what is the function of the vesicle

Answer 29

- small, membrane-bound sac | - transports and stores substances in the cell.

Question 30

what is the function of the nucleolus

Answer 30

- region of dense DNA and protein. | - makes ribosomes.

Question 31

what is the bacteria cells structure

Answer 31

- plasmids - capsule - ribosomes - nucleoid - cell wall

Question 32

what is the function of the what is the function of the plasmids

Answer 32

- double-stranded DNA in a circular structure | - contains additional genes that aid the survival of the bacteria, e.g.antibiotic resistance/ toxin-producing genes

Question 33

what is the function of the capsule

Answer 33

- polysaccharidde layer outside the cell wall. - protects cells from drying out, or being engulfed by white blood cells. - helps cells to stick to surfaces

Question 34

what is the function of the cell wall

Answer 34

- provides support and protection | - made of long-chained molecules made up of a sugar and amino acids called peptidoglycan

Question 35

what is the function of the nucleoid

Answer 35

- region where single circular, length of DNA is folded. | - DNA carries information

Question 36

what is a gram-negative bacteria

Answer 36

they dont retain the gram stain when washed with acetone and absolute alcohol because the cell wall has an outer layer.

Question 37

what is a gram-positive bacteria

Answer 37

they retain the gram stain because the thick peptidoglycan wall absorbs the sain and they dont have an outer layer of cell wall

Question 38

why are gram-negative bateria more resistant than gram-postive bacteria

Answer 38

gram-negative bacteria are more resistant to antibiotics than gram-positive because gram negatives have an outer membrane on its cell wall which protects them from bacteria

Question 39

how do you get from 1000 micrometres ( μm) to 1 millimetre (mm)

Answer 39

1000μm = 1mm

Question 40

how do you get from 1000 nanometers (nm) to 1 micrometre( μm)

Answer 40

1000nm= 1 μm

Question 41

How do you get from 1000000 nanometers (nm) to 1 millimetre ( mm)

Answer 41

1000000nm = 1mm

Question 42

how do you go from nm to μm to mm to cm to m

Answer 42

divide by 1000 unless your converting cm to m which is when you divide by 10

Question 43

How do you go from m to cm to mm to μm to nm

Answer 43

times by 1000 unless your converting m to cm which is when you times by 10

Question 44

what is the structure of chloroplast

Answer 44

- has a double membrane that is filled with a liquid called stoma. - contains stacks of thylakoid membranes called grana. - thylakoid membranes are the site for photosynthesis.

Question 45

what is the structure of the vacuole

Answer 45

-a membrane called tonoplast which is filled with cell sap.

Question 46

what is the structure of the Golgi complex

Answer 46

-has smooth membranes forming the cell

Question 47

what is the structure of lysosomes

Answer 47

-contains hydrolytic enzymes to digest materials in the cells

Question 48

what is the function of tonoplast membrane

Answer 48

controls movement of molecules into and out of the vacuole

Question 49

what is the function of the amyloplasts

Answer 49

stores starch

Question 50

what is the function of the middle lamella

Answer 50

sticks cells together

Question 51

what is the function of the plasmodesmata and pits

Answer 51

allows communication between one cell and another

Question 52

what are the parts of the plant cell

Answer 52

- chloroplast - vacuole - tonoplast membrane - cell wall - amyloplasts - middle lamella - plasmodesmata and pits

Question 53

what are the parts of the animal cell

Answer 53

- plasma membrane - rough ER - smooth ER - mitochondrion - ribosomes - golgi apparatus - lysosomes - centrioles - nucleus - vesicle - nucleolus - cytoplasm