Biology Plant 2nd Form Flashcards
(227 cards)
1
Q
What is xylem?
A
Xylem cells run inside stems of plants from their roots to their leaves. They form long tubes to carry water upwards for photosynthesis.
2
Q
What happens to xylem cells as they mature?
A
Xylem cells die and their ends break down, allowing them to form long tubes.
3
Q
What is the function of xylem cell walls?
A
Xylem cells have thick cell walls to provide support to the plant.
4
Q
What do xylem cells support?
A
They hold the leaves up for photosynthesis and the flowers up for reproduction.
5
Q
What is phloem?
A
Phloem cells carry sugary water from the leaves to the rest of the plant.
6
Q
How are phloem cells different from xylem cells?
A
Unlike xylem cells, phloem cells are alive.
7
Q
What are companion cells?
A
Companion cells are found next to phloem cells and have many mitochondria.
8
Q
What occurs in companion cells?
A
Respiration occurs to release energy from glucose to transport sugar and other substances in the phloem.
9
Q
What is the role of phloem in celery?
A
The phloem cells in celery carry sugary water from the leaves to the rest of the plant.
10
Q
What do xylem cells transport?
A
Water from the roots to other parts of the plant
Xylem is essential for the upward movement of water and minerals.
11
Q
What do phloem cells transport?
A
Sugary water from the leaves to the rest of the plant
Phloem is crucial for distributing nutrients produced during photosynthesis.
12
Q
Fill in the blank: Xylem cells transport _______ from the roots.
A
water
13
Q
Fill in the blank: Phloem cells transport _______ from the leaves.
A
sugary water
14
Q
True or False: Xylem and phloem are both involved in transporting nutrients in plants.
A
True
15
Q
What is the primary function of xylem cells?
A
Transporting water
16
Q
What is the primary function of phloem cells?
A
Transporting nutrients
17
Q
Describe the role of xylem in plant physiology.
A
Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to other plant parts.
18
Q
Describe the role of phloem in plant physiology.
A
Phloem transports the products of photosynthesis throughout the plant.
19
Q
What is a cell membrane?
A
The cell membrane is a protective barrier that surrounds the cell, controlling what enters and exits.
Example: The cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing certain substances to pass through while blocking others.
20
Q
What is a chloroplast?
A
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells that conduct photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.
Example: Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, the pigment that gives plants their green color.
21
Q
What is cytoplasm?
A
Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance that fills the interior of a cell, providing a medium for chemical reactions.
Example: The cytoplasm contains organelles and is the site of many metabolic processes.
22
Q
What is a vacuole?
A
A vacuole is a membrane-bound organelle that stores nutrients, waste products, and helps maintain turgor pressure in plant cells.
Example: In plant cells, the central vacuole can occupy up to 90% of the cell’s volume.
23
Q
What is a nucleus?
A
The nucleus is the membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities.
Example: The nucleus is often referred to as the control center of the cell.
24
Q
What is a cell wall?
A
The cell wall is a rigid outer layer that provides structural support and protection to plant cells, fungi, and some bacteria.
Example: The cell wall is primarily made of cellulose in plants.
25
What are the three main components of plant cells?
A nucleus, cell membrane and cytoplasm
26
What are the three components of plant cells that are not found in animal cells?
A vacuole, chloroplasts and a cell wall
27
What is the primary function of roots in plants?
Roots hold plants in place and absorb water and minerals from the soil.
28
How do roots interact with the soil?
Roots divide into smaller branches as they travel into the soil.
29
What are root hair cells?
Root hair cells are specialized cells on the surface of roots that have tiny 'hairs' to increase surface area for absorption.
30
Why are root hair cells important?
They massively increase the surface area for the root hair cell to absorb more water and minerals.
31
Can you give an example of a plant with root hair cells?
An example is water cress, which has tiny hairs on its roots.
32
What is the function of palisade cells?
Palisade cells are the major site of photosynthesis.
33
Where are palisade cells located in a leaf?
They are towards the tops of leaves for maximum light.
34
What do palisade cells contain that aids in photosynthesis?
They have lots of chloroplasts.
35
What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis occurs in a special chemical called chlorophyll.
36
What is the purpose of photosynthesis in plant cells?
Photosynthesis makes sugar for growth, reproduction, and other life processes.
37
What is the fundamental unit of all living things?
Cells are the fundamental unit of all living things.
38
What allows specialised plant cells to complete a specific purpose?
Specialised plant cells have components that allow them to complete a specific purpose.
39
What are examples of specialised plant cells?
Specialised plant cells include root hair cells, palisade cells, xylem cells, and phloem cells.
40
What is the fundamental unit of all living things?
Cells are the fundamental unit of all living things.
41
What allows specialised plant cells to complete a specific purpose?
Specialised plant cells have components that allow them to complete a specific purpose.
42
What are examples of specialised plant cells?
Specialised plant cells include root hair cells, palisade cells, xylem cells, and phloem cells.
43
What is one of the most important organs of a plant?
The leaf is one of the most important organs of a plant.
44
What process do leaves use to produce food for the plant?
Leaves produce food for the plant through a process called photosynthesis.
45
How do the leaves of different plants vary?
The leaves of different plants vary widely in size, shape, and colour.
46
What are leaves adapted to do?
Leaves are adapted to carry out photosynthesis.
47
What is the adaptation of broad leaves?
Provide a large surface area to absorb as much sunlight as possible.
48
What is the function of thin leaves?
Provide a short diffusion pathway for gases to move into and out of cells.
49
What is the role of the network of tubes (xylem and phloem)?
To transport water, mineral ions and glucose (food) around the plant.
50
What do lots of chloroplasts contain?
A green substance called chlorophyll, which traps energy from the sun for photosynthesis.
51
What are stomata?
Tiny holes found mainly underneath the leaf to allow gases to diffuse into and out of the leaf. Each hole is a single stoma.
52
What is the function of guard cells?
Controls the opening and closing of stomata.
53
What is the purpose of the midrib?
Provides strength throughout the leaf, keeping it upright and sturdy in the wind.
54
What does the petiole do?
Attaches the leaf to the stem.
55
What is the adaptation of broad leaves?
Provide a large surface area to absorb as much sunlight as possible.
56
What is the function of thin leaves?
Provide a short diffusion pathway for gases to move into and out of cells.
57
What is the role of the network of tubes (xylem and phloem)?
To transport water, mineral ions and glucose (food) around the plant.
58
What do lots of chloroplasts contain?
A green substance called chlorophyll, which traps energy from the sun for photosynthesis.
59
What are stomata?
Tiny holes found mainly underneath the leaf to allow gases to diffuse into and out of the leaf. Each hole is a single stoma.
60
What is the function of guard cells?
Controls the opening and closing of stomata.
61
What is the purpose of the midrib?
Provides strength throughout the leaf, keeping it upright and sturdy in the wind.
62
What does the petiole do?
Attaches the leaf to the stem.
63
What is photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is a vital process that occurs in the leaves of a plant.
64
What do leaves use during photosynthesis?
Leaves use chlorophyll and light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose.
65
What is the role of glucose in a plant?
The glucose acts as a source of food for the plant.
66
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
67
What adaptations do leaves have for photosynthesis?
Leaves have several adaptations which play an important role in photosynthesis.
68
What is the role of sunlight in a leaf?
Sunlight is absorbed by the leaf to facilitate photosynthesis.
69
What is the upper layer of a leaf called?
The upper layer of a leaf is called the palisade layer.
70
What is the function of the palisade layer?
The palisade layer contains palisade cells that absorb a lot of light.
71
What is the structure of palisade cells?
Palisade cells are shaped like a tall box and contain many chloroplasts.
72
What is the purpose of the waxy layer on the leaf's surface?
The waxy layer protects the leaf from water loss, disease, and weather damage.
73
What is the function of the spongy layer in a leaf?
The spongy layer facilitates the exchange of gases through stoma.
74
What does a cross-section of a leaf show?
A cross-section of a leaf shows its main parts.
75
Why does a leaf have a large surface area?
A leaf usually has a large surface area to absorb a lot of light.
76
How do plants obtain carbon dioxide?
Plants get carbon dioxide from the air through their leaves via diffusion through small holes called stomata.
77
What controls the size of the stomata?
Guard cells control the size of the stomata to prevent excessive water loss in hot, windy, or dry conditions.
78
What is the function of the spongy layer in the leaf?
The spongy layer allows carbon dioxide to reach other cells and lets oxygen produced in photosynthesis leave the leaf easily.
79
How is water absorbed for photosynthesis?
Water needed for photosynthesis is absorbed through the roots and transported to the leaf.
80
What type of cell absorbs water in the roots?
Root hair cells absorb water; they have a large surface area and thin walls for easy water passage.
81
Do root cells contain chloroplasts?
No, root cells do not contain chloroplasts because they are usually in the dark and cannot perform photosynthesis.
82
How is water absorbed from the soil?
Water is absorbed from the soil by root hair cells.
83
What is a horticulturist?
An expert who looks after plants, including feeding, watering, pruning and training. They must also have extensive knowledge about trees, flowers, vegetables, nuts, bushes and fruits.
84
What are the four main features of a leaf which are mentioned in the video?
Midrib, Veins, Edge, Petiole.
85
What is a horticulturist?
An expert who looks after plants, including feeding, watering, pruning and training. They must also have extensive knowledge about trees, flowers, vegetables, nuts, bushes and fruits.
86
What are the four main features of a leaf which are mentioned in the video?
Midrib, Veins, Edge, Petiole.
87
What is the importance of leaves?
Leaves provide food for plants, which in turn provide food for all living organisms on Earth. Without plants, all other food chains would cease to exist.
88
What are some medicinal uses of leaves?
Some leaves have medicinal uses, such as the leaves of the snapdragon plant, which are used to reduce fever and inflammation.
## Footnote
Example: Snapdragon leaves reduce fever and inflammation.
89
Why is knowledge of leaves important to horticulturists?
Horticulturists need to know the best conditions for different types of plants to grow flowers, fruit, and vegetables.
90
What is botany?
Botany is the study of plants.
91
Who are botanists?
Botanists are scientists who study plants and their relationships with other organisms and biodiversity.
92
How can knowledge of botany benefit us?
Knowledge of botany can help classify and protect plants, providing insights for developing new medicines.
93
What is the relationship between botany and life on Earth?
The more we know about botany, the more we understand about life on Earth.
94
What is the main function of a leaf?
The main function of a leaf is to make glucose which is the food for the plant.
95
Is reproduction a function of a leaf?
Reproduce is incorrect because that occurs in reproductive parts such as the ovary.
96
What process do plants use to make glucose?
Photosynthesis
97
What is the organelle found within a plant cell?
Chloroplast
98
What process releases energy in plants?
Respiration
99
What is the process of water movement within a plant?
Transpiration
100
What do adaptations of organisms allow them to do?
Adaptations allow organisms to thrive in different habitats, including extreme environments.
101
What does evolution explain about adapted organisms?
Evolution explains how better adapted organisms have an advantage and are more likely to have offspring with this same adaptation.
102
What is the primary advantage of a sloth's camouflage?
It makes it difficult for predators to spot.
103
How does a sloth's slow movement benefit it?
It uses little energy.
104
What physical adaptations do spider monkeys have?
Spider monkeys have long, strong limbs.
105
What is the purpose of the spider monkey's long limbs?
They help the spider monkey climb through rainforest trees to find food and mates.
106
What is a notable feature of the toucan?
The toucan has a long, large bill.
107
Why does the toucan have a long, large bill?
To allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches which are too weak to support its weight.
108
What unique physical features does the flying frog have?
The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs.
109
What ability does the flying frog's physical features provide?
The physical features allow the flying frog to glide from plant to plant.
110
What are volcanic vents?
Volcanic vents are openings at the bottom of the oceans where it is too dark for plants or algae to live.
111
Why are volcanic vents considered extreme environments?
They are considered extreme environments due to cold temperatures and high pressures.
112
What is unique about the food webs at volcanic vents?
They are the only food webs on Earth that do not start with photosynthesis.
113
What are the producers in the food webs at volcanic vents?
The producers are bacteria that feed on chemicals released from the vents.
114
What process do bacteria use to make glucose at volcanic vents?
The process is called chemosynthesis.
115
What are the characteristics of polar regions?
Polar regions are extreme environments due to cold temperatures and lack of liquid fresh water.
116
How are polar bears adapted to live in the Arctic?
Polar bears have thick white fur, greasy fur, a thick layer of fat, sharp teeth and claws, and large feet.
117
What is the purpose of a polar bear's thick white fur?
The thick white fur provides camouflage.
118
Why do polar bears have greasy fur?
Greasy fur helps them remove water quickly after swimming.
119
What is the function of a polar bear's thick layer of fat?
The thick layer of fat helps keep them warm.
120
What adaptations do polar bears have for hunting?
They have sharp teeth and claws for hunting.
121
Why do polar bears have large feet?
Large feet help spread their weight on snow and ice.
122
What are volcanic vents?
Volcanic vents are openings at the bottom of the oceans where it is too dark for plants or algae to live.
123
Why are volcanic vents considered extreme environments?
They are considered extreme environments due to cold temperatures and high pressures.
124
What is unique about the food webs at volcanic vents?
They are the only food webs on Earth that do not start with photosynthesis.
125
What are the producers in the food webs at volcanic vents?
The producers are bacteria that feed on chemicals released from the vents.
126
What process do bacteria use to make glucose at volcanic vents?
The process is called chemosynthesis.
127
What are the characteristics of polar regions?
Polar regions are extreme environments due to cold temperatures and lack of liquid fresh water.
128
How are polar bears adapted to live in the Arctic?
Polar bears have thick white fur, greasy fur, a thick layer of fat, sharp teeth and claws, and large feet.
129
What is the purpose of a polar bear's thick white fur?
The thick white fur provides camouflage.
130
Why do polar bears have greasy fur?
Greasy fur helps them remove water quickly after swimming.
131
What is the function of a polar bear's thick layer of fat?
The thick layer of fat helps keep them warm.
132
What adaptations do polar bears have for hunting?
They have sharp teeth and claws for hunting.
133
Why do polar bears have large feet?
Large feet help spread their weight on snow and ice.
134
What are extremophiles?
Extremophiles are organisms that live in extreme environments.
135
What characterizes extreme environments?
Extreme environments have conditions outside of the normal range that most life can live in.
136
Why are deserts considered extreme environments?
Deserts are extreme environments because of the heat during the day, cold at night, and lack of water.
137
What is an example of a plant that survives in deserts?
The cactus is an example of a plant which is able to survive in deserts with extremes of temperature and a lack of fresh water.
138
What adaptations do cacti have to survive in deserts?
Cacti have stems that can store water, widespread or very deep root systems, spines to prevent being eaten, a very thick waxy cuticle, and a reduced number of stomata.
139
How do cacti's spines help them?
Spines prevent the plant from being eaten and are modified leaves that minimize surface area to reduce water loss.
140
What is the function of a cactus's thick, waxy cuticle?
The thick, waxy cuticle reduces water loss.
141
What is the role of stomata in cacti?
Cacti have a reduced number of stomata to reduce water loss.
142
What is a common adaptation of trees in rainforests?
Many trees have tall, thin trunks to quickly grow towards the light.
143
What adaptations do many plants in rainforests have to manage water?
Many plants have smooth trunks and stems, and drip tips to their leaves to allow water to run off without damaging the plant.
144
What is the purpose of large buttress roots in some rainforest trees?
Large buttress roots anchor the trees into the ground, allowing them to grow very tall.
145
What are epiphytes and how do they obtain nutrients?
Epiphytes grow on the higher branches of trees and get their water and nutrients from the air, not their roots.
## Footnote
They grow here to absorb more light for photosynthesis.
146
What is variation?
Variation is the slight changes in some organisms of the same species.
147
How does variation contribute to evolution?
These tiny differences might give some organisms slightly better features, making it more likely that they survive and have offspring with these adaptations.
148
What is evolution?
Evolution is the process by which new species of organisms arise over time.
149
What causes variation?
Variation can be caused by small changes in DNA called mutations.
150
What are the effects of mutations?
Most mutations have no effect, some are advantageous, and some are disadvantageous.
151
What is extinction?
Extinction occurs when all organisms of a species die out.
152
What can cause extinction?
Extinction may occur because organisms were not able to adapt to changing conditions fast enough or due to human activities.
153
How does evolution relate to extinction?
Evolution is a slow process that usually takes many generations, while extinction can happen for reasons other than evolution.
154
What are some human causes of extinction?
Many extinctions are caused by hunting, destruction of habitats, and global warming.
155
What is natural selection commonly known as?
'The survival of the fittest'. The best adapted organisms are able to survive.
156
What happens to the most desirable characteristics in organisms?
They get passed down from parents to their offspring.
157
What have scientists used to study the evolution of organisms?
Fossils to look at how organisms have evolved over time.
158
What is natural selection?
Natural selection is a process by which a species changes over time in response to changes in the environment or competition between organisms, in order for the species to survive.
159
What happens to members of a species with desirable characteristics?
Members of the species with the most desirable characteristics are able to produce the best-adapted offspring.
160
What is the risk for a species that cannot adapt?
If a species is unable to adapt, then it is at risk of becoming extinct.
161
What is Charles Darwin's theory of evolution?
Darwin's theory suggests that different species have evolved from simpler life forms and that organisms able to survive are those that have adapted best to their environment.
162
How long does evolution take?
Evolution is a slow process that can take many thousands, even millions, of years to happen.
163
What evidence do scientists use to study evolution?
Scientists have used fossil evidence to look at how organisms have adapted over millions of years and how their characteristics have changed.
164
What happens if a species cannot adapt quickly enough?
If a species is unable to adapt quickly enough to its environment, then it is at risk of becoming extinct.
165
What are some reasons a species may become extinct?
Reasons include new predators, new diseases, destruction of habitats, changes to the environment, and increased competition for resources.
166
What does evolution explain?
Evolution explains how better adapted organisms have an advantage and are more likely to have offspring with this same adaptation.
167
What is the long-term effect of evolution?
Over many years, this leads to the formation of new species.
168
What do evolutionary trees illustrate?
Evolutionary trees show how different species have evolved over time from common ancestors.
169
What does evolution explain?
Evolution explains how better adapted organisms have an advantage and are more likely to have offspring with this same adaptation.
170
What is the long-term effect of evolution?
Over many years, this leads to the formation of new species.
171
What do evolutionary trees illustrate?
Evolutionary trees show how different species have evolved over time from common ancestors.
172
What is evolution?
Evolution is the process by which small changes in organisms occur over long periods of time and new species are formed.
173
What is a species?
A species is a group of organisms that can interbreed to have fertile offspring.
174
What drives evolution?
Natural selection drives evolution.
175
What is the first step in evolution?
In every population there is variation, some of which is inherited.
176
What happens to organisms with the best adaptations?
Individual organisms with the best adaptations are most likely to survive and reproduce.
177
What is natural selection?
Natural selection is the process where the best adapted organisms are most likely to survive and reproduce.
178
What does inheritance mean in the context of evolution?
Inheritance means these adaptations are likely to be passed to offspring.
179
What happens to less well adapted organisms?
Less well adapted organisms are less likely to pass on their adaptations.
180
What is the outcome of many generations of small differences?
Over many generations, these small differences add up to the formation of new species by evolution.
181
What can cause variation in organisms?
Variation can be caused by small changes in DNA called mutations.
182
What are the effects of mutations?
Most mutations have no effect, some are advantageous, and some are disadvantageous.
183
What is evolution driven by?
Natural selection
184
What lengthened the middle finger of the lemur thousands of years ago?
A mutation
185
Who was Charles Darwin?
Charles Darwin was an English scientist who first proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection.
186
What is the title of Darwin's book published in 1859?
The title of Darwin's book is 'On the Origin of Species'.
187
What did Darwin study during his voyage on the HMS Beagle?
Darwin studied fossils and variation in plants and animals.
188
Where did Darwin observe finches with different beak shapes?
Darwin observed finches on the Galapagos Islands off the coast of Ecuador.
189
What did Darwin suggest about the finches?
Darwin suggested that the finches originally belonged to one population but changed over time to suit different habitats.
190
Why did Darwin choose not to publish his theory immediately?
Darwin chose not to publish his theory because he thought it would cause a lot of controversy.
191
Who approached Darwin twenty years later with a similar theory?
Alfred Wallace approached Darwin with a similar theory.
192
How did Darwin and Wallace publish their ideas?
They published their scientific ideas jointly.
193
Why is Darwin remembered for the theory of evolution?
Darwin is remembered for devising the theory first, despite Wallace having the same ideas.
194
What was the reaction to Darwin's ideas at the time?
Many people were upset by Darwin's ideas.
195
What conflict exists today regarding Darwin's theory?
Some religious views about the creation of the world still conflict with the scientific agreement about evolution.
196
What is evidence of evolution?
Evidence of evolution is seen in the fossil record. Small changes that Darwin suggested can be seen in these fossils.
197
Why are there gaps in the fossil record?
There are gaps in the fossil record because:
• Not all fossils have been discovered yet.
• Some fossils have been melted in magma during the rock cycle.
• Not all parts of organisms become fossils.
198
How quickly can bacteria evolve?
Bacteria can evolve quickly because they reproduce at a fast rate.
199
What causes new strains of bacteria?
Mutations of bacteria produce new strains.
200
What is an example of natural selection in bacteria?
Some bacteria might become resistant to certain antibiotics, such as penicillin, and cannot be destroyed by the antibiotic. The evolution of the bacteria is an example of natural selection.
201
What is a species?
A species is a group of organisms that interbreed to produce fertile offspring.
202
What is selective breeding?
Selective breeding is when organisms are deliberately bred so their offspring have the desirable characteristics.
203
What is a species?
A species is a group of similar organisms that can breed with one another to produce fertile offspring.
204
Can individuals of the same species reproduce?
Yes, individuals of the same species can reproduce to make more individuals of the same species.
205
What happens when individuals of different species try to reproduce?
They cannot normally reproduce together, and if they do, their offspring is often infertile and unable to reproduce.
206
Give an example of species.
Humans are one species and dogs are another species.
207
What is an example of individuals belonging to the same species?
These penguins belong to the same species.
208
What are ligers?
Ligers are produced when a male lion and a female tiger reproduce.
## Footnote
A liger looks like a lion but has stripes like a tiger.
209
What are tigons?
Tigons are produced when a female lion and a male tiger have cubs.
210
Can ligers and tigons have offspring?
Yes, unlike many young from hybrid species, ligers and tigons can have offspring.
211
What are pedigree dogs?
Pedigree dogs come in lots of different varieties, differing in colours and sizes, but they are all the same species.
212
What is selective breeding?
Selective breeding is the process where humans intervene to produce different varieties of dogs.
213
What is another term for selective breeding?
Selective breeding is sometimes called 'artificial selection'.
214
What are the steps to select a particular feature in an organism?
1. Choose individuals with the desired feature.
2. Let only these individuals reproduce.
3. Choose the offspring that have the desired feature.
4. Let only these individuals reproduce.
215
What is the process to produce a variety with desired features?
Repeat selection and breeding steps until all individuals show the desired feature.
216
What is the first step in producing a variety of cows that produce a lot of milk?
Select the cows in your herd that produce the most milk.
217
What should you do after selecting the best milk-producing cows?
Let only these cows reproduce.
218
What is the third step in the breeding process for milk-producing cows?
Select the offspring that produce the most milk.
219
What should you do after selecting the best offspring?
Let only these individuals reproduce.
220
What is the final step in producing a breed of cows that consistently produces a lot of milk?
Keep repeating the process of selection and breeding.
221
What is an example of a cow variety that produces a lot of milk?
Friesian cows are a variety that produce a lot of milk.
222
What is the key to success in selective breeding?
Identify the feature you want, breed only from individuals with that feature, and do not allow individuals with undesirable features to breed.
223
What can selective breeding produce in hens?
Hens that lay big eggs of a particular colour.
224
What can selective breeding produce in cows?
Cows that produce more meat or creamier milk.
225
What can selective breeding produce in tomato plants?
Tomato plants that produce lots of tomatoes.
226
What can selective breeding produce in crops?
Crops that are resistant to certain plant diseases.
227
What can selective breeding produce in bananas?
Bananas which have a sweeter and larger fruit.
