Biology - Plant and Animal Cells - Respiration

Question 1

The monosaccharides:

Answer 1

Pentoses: Ribose, deoxyribose
Hexoses: Glucose, galactose, fructose

Question 2

How are disaccharides formed?

Answer 2

Two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic bond in a condensation polymerisation reaction.

Question 3

The disaccharides:

Answer 3

Maltose (glucose + glucose)
Lactose (glucose + galactose)
Sucrose (glucose + fructose)

Question 4

What makes up maltose?

Answer 4

Glucose and glucose

Question 5

What makes up lactose?

Answer 5

Glucose and galactose

Question 6

What makes up sucrose?

Answer 6

Glucose and fructose

Question 7

The polysaccharides:

Answer 7

Glycogen (energy storage in animals)
Starch (energy storage in plants)
Cellulose (components of cell wall)

Question 8

What is respiration?

Answer 8

Cellular respiration is the release of energy from glucose in cells.

Question 9

Structure of ATP

Answer 9

Adenosine triphosphate.
Made up of adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups.

Question 10

Endergonic

Answer 10

Energy is absorbed when something is built up (anabolic)

Question 11

Exogonic

Answer 11

Energy is released when something is broken down (catabolic)

Question 12

Forming ATP

Answer 12

A molecule of ADP is joined with an inorganic phosphate to form ATP. (endergonic anabolic reaction)

Question 13

Breaking down ATP

Answer 13

ATP can be broken back down by a hydrolysis reaction to release energy when needed. (exergonic catabolic reaction)

Question 14

Two types of respiration

Answer 14

Aerobic or Anaerobic

Question 15

Aerobic cellular respiration

Answer 15

Release of energy from glucose in the presence of oxygen.

Question 16

Anaerobic cellular respiration

Answer 16

Release of energy from glucose in the absence of oxygen. (also known as fermentation)

Question 17

Word equation for aerobic cellular respiration:

Answer 17

Glucose + Oxygen —> Carbon dioxide + Water

Question 18

3 stages of aerobic cellular respiration

Answer 18

Glycolysis
Kreb cycle
Electron transport chain

Question 19

Glycolysis

Answer 19

Occurs in the cytosol
Breaks down glucose into pyruvate (3-carbon molecule)
Produces 2x ATP and NADH

Question 20

Krebs Cycle

Answer 20

Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
Pyruvate from glycolysis enters Krebs cycle and produces carbon dioxide
Also produces NADH and 2 ATP

Question 21

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Answer 21

Occurs in the mitochondrial cristae
Oxygen enters the ETC and produces water
NADH from glycolysis and Krebs cycle enter, hydrogen and electron carried by NADH are used to produce ATP using an enzyme: the ATP synthase.
26-28x ATP are produced

Question 22

Why make ATP?

Answer 22

• Protein synthesis
• Controlling body temperature
• Active transport
• Muscle contraction

Question 23

Where does anaerobic cellular respiration occur?

Answer 23

Cytosol

Question 24

Anaerobic cellular respiration in humans:

Answer 24

Glucose —> Lactic acid

Question 25

Anaerobic ceullular respiration in plants / yeast:

Answer 25

Glucose ---> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide

Question 26

Advantages & disadvantages of aerobic cellular respiration:

Answer 26

**Advantage**: Produces lots of energy (30-32x ATP) **Disadvantage**: Slower ATP production

Question 27

Advantages & disadvantages of anaerobic cellular respiration:

Answer 27

**Advantage**: Rapid ATP production **Disadvantage**: Does not produce much energy (2x ATP), can lead to cramping in humans