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Biology > Biology PP 21-30 > Flashcards

Biology PP 21-30 Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

What is stress?

A

Anything that changes the “milieux intérieur” (Claude Bernard); disruption of “homeostasis” (Walter Cannon)

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2
Q

What is the “Alarm” phase

A
  • Immediate reaction to a stressor

- Magnitude of response is related to magnitude of stressor

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3
Q

Resistance Phase (adaption)

A
  • if stress continues the body adapts
  • general metabolic changes to cause peripheral tissues to use fatty acids and amino acids for energy and spare sugar
  • Conservation of salts and water to maintain blood pressure
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4
Q

Exhaustion Phase (chronic, long-term stress) side effects

A
  • Insomnia, fatigue, loss of appetite, lethargy, antisocial mood, headaches, ulcers, digestive problems
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5
Q

Metabolic changes in the Exhaustion Phase

A
  • Exhaustion of lipid reserves; muscle wasting (decrease in bone mass)
  • Structural and functional damage to vital organs
  • Loss of potassium contributes to cellular malfunction
  • Hypertension: retention of sodium and water
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6
Q

Population ecology

A

Dispersal, rangers, migration, population growth, reproductive strategies

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7
Q

Species interactions

A

competition, herbivory, plant defenses, top-down and bottom-up processes, etc

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8
Q

Community ecology

A

-species richness, diversity, succession and stability, food webs and energy flow, biomass production

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9
Q

ecosystems

A

-the biotic community of organisms living in an area, as well as the abiotic environment affecting that area

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10
Q

Biomes

A

-A biome is a large community of vegetation and wildlife adapted to a specific climate

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11
Q

Biosphere

A

-the regions on the surface of the earth and atmosphere where living organisms exsits

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12
Q

Energy flow

A

ultimately lost from an ecosystem as heat

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13
Q

Nutrients

A

continuous cycle from organisms to abiotic component of an ecosystem

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14
Q

Aral Sea

A

In the 1960s, the Soviets started a massive irrigation plan for farming in nearby deserts
- Use water from the Aral Sea, fed by precipitation and snowmelt

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15
Q

Water

A

essential element and transports nutrients between compartments

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16
Q

The water cycle(or hydrological cycle)

A 
Primarily physical (not chemical) cycle
Evaporation
Precipitation
Driven by solar energy
Water evaporates form the ocean
Evapotranspiration from soil and land plants
Over land, 90% of the water that enters the atmosphere has passed through plants and evapotranspirated from the leaves
Atmospheric water condenses into clouds
Precipitation
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17
Q

Aquifer

A

porous underground deposit that holds water bounded below (and sometimes above) by impervious layer (e.g., bedrock)

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18
Q

Biomes can be characterized by…

A

by physical characteristics such as temperature and precipitation
Also: soil type, wind, and others

Availability of water

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19
Q

Forest ecosystems

A

characterized by trees, classified by climate (tropical, temperate or boreal)

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20
Q

Grasslands

A

characterized by grasses (e.g., prairie, savannahs and steppes), trees sparse, semi-arid, may be in warm or cold climates
E.g., Prairie

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21
Q

Desert ecosystems

A

low precipitation (<25 cm per year), from tropics to arctic, generally windy, vegetation sparse.

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22
Q

Tundra ecosystems

A

arctic & alpine, snow-covered, windswept, treeless, dry (less rain than most deserts), the soil may be frozen year-round (permafrost).

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23
Q

Freshwater ecosystems

A

stationary water (ponds) or flowing (streams & rivers), also bogs, lakes and swamps.

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24
Q

Marine ecosystems

A

: saltwater, the most abundant types of ecosystems in the word (ocean floor to surface, intertidal, estuaries, salt marsh, swamps, mangroves, coral reefs).

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25
Physical effects of low temperatures
frost and ice damage causes cells to rupture
26
Physiological effects of low temp (functional)
enzymes are temperature sensitive (enzymes- proteins that speed up chemical reactions inside a cell)
27
Keystone species
a species that has a major effect on shaping an ecosystem (disproportionate to its abundance or biomass)
28
Jack pine
require fire to melt the resin that holds the cones together, releasing seeds
29
Giant sequoia
require fire for seed germination
30
Effects of temperature on coral reefs
Deposition of calcium carbonate (skeleton) is temperature dependent Accelerated at warm temperatures, suppressed in cold water Warm-water coral reefs: distribution limited to regions with 20ºC average daily temp in the coldest months of the year
31
Coral bleaching
If water temperatures are too high, the symbiotic algae that live within the corals die and are expelled; corals lose their colour
32
Mutualism
Corals provide algae with a home and nutrients (ammonium) Algae provide the corals with oxygen, glucose and other nutrients Relationship started ~210 million years ago Coral species that host algae deposit calcium 10x faster than species of corals that don’t
33
Are there cold-water corals
Yes- and in Nova Scotia in ., Georges Bank
34
Foundation species
dominates in terms of abundance; here, provides habitat for other species
35
Osmotic balance
36
Osmotic balance
ensures optimal levels of salts and water across cells and tissues in the body The movement of water across of cell membrane to balance solute (e.g., salt) concentrations Maintains body functions
37
Salinity
effects water density, thermal capacity, biochemistry, availability of nutrients and metals; these in turn effects who can live there
38
Freshwater fish: | Hyperosmotic
more salts in their tissues than in the surrounding environment Gain water by osmosis (e.g., water crosses into the gills) Lots and lots and lots of urine
39
Saltwater fish: | Hypo-osmotic
less salt in their tissues than in the surrounding environment Lose water by osmosis (e.g., water crosses out of the gills) Little urine
40
Halophytes
species that tolerate higher salt concentrations in their cells than regular plants
41
pH
concentration of hydrogen (H+) ions
42
Factors that effect pH of soil and water
``` Carbon dioxide (e.g., respiration, bacteria, etc.) Organic matter Geology Air pollution (e.g., sulfur dioxide) Water from abandoned coal mines Acid rain Burning Long-term clear cutting (Fig. 54.14, right) ```
43
Normal rainwater pH
5.6
44
Ecosystem services
the benefits people obtain from an ecosystem
45
Optimal pH for most freshwater fish is
between 6.0 and 9.0
46
Low pH
Alters water chemistry, increases the availability of toxic metals (e.g., mercury) Changes gill structure, decreases survivorship of embryos, changes hormone production in males, decreases salt tolerance in smolts (the life stage that goes to the ocean), decreases ability to detect predators
47
Ecosystems
The biotic community of organisms living in an area, as well as the abiotic environment affecting that area
48
What are microplastics?
Small pieces of plastics that are < 5 mm long Nanoplastics < 1 µm (red blood cell ~ 7.5 µm) Chemically diverse Highly persistent in the environment- water, soil and air
49
The hidden risks of microplastics
They are small Their leachates can be toxic Both microplastics and leachates persist in ecosystems At ecologically relevant concentrations, they effect invertebrate guts, microbiomes, gills, immunity, development and offspring Also effect microbial communities Can be bio-amplified
50
Biosphere
The regions on the surface of the earth and atmosphere where living things exist Maximum height- Mt. Everest, ca. 9 km Maximum depth-Mariana Trench, ca. 11 km (average 3 km) The maximum thickness of the biosphere = 20 km 0.16% of the thickness of the planet
51
Terrestrial Biomes
classified by annual precipitation and temperature
52
Aquatic Biomes
``` Classified by: Water salinity Current strength Water depth Oxygen content Light availability ```
53
Weather
short term state or atmospheric conditions in a particular place and time - Behavioural responses of organisms
54
Climate
average atmospheric conditions in a particular place over a longer time (years to millennia)
55
Abiotic factors
major players in shaping the distribution of life on earth
56
What creates climate patterns?
Pattern of solar radiation | Rotation of the earth
57
Greenhouse gases include
CO2, H2O, methane, O3, nitrous oxides (NO and NO2), and pollutants such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
58
High latitudes
solar input more spread out, and more energy is absorbed in the atmosphere
59
Near equator
solar input more focused and direct
60
Solar energy determines
atmospheric circulation and global precipitation patterns
61
Biodiversity hot spots
regions that are biologically diverse and are under threat of destruction
62
Biodiversity crisis
the idea that there is currently an elevated loss of species on Earth, far beyond the normal extinction rates
63
Carrying capacity
the maximum population size that can be sustained by an environment
64
Age structure
relative numbers of individuals in a defined age group
65
Total fertility rate (TFR)
average number of live births a woman will have in her lifetime
66
Annual population growth rate
% change in population/ year
67
Falling fertility rates
better health care, less child mortality, more families coming out of poverty
68
Carrying capacity
the maximum population size that can be sustained by an environment
69
Ecological footprint
the amount of productive land needed to support each person 1st- energy 2nd food 3rd- forestry
70
Global warming
an increase in the Earth’s average surface temperature Ocean currents Atmospheric circulation & precipitation patterns
71
Climate change
: long-term change in the Earth’s climate, or a change in climate in a particular region
72
Sea level
average level of the surface of one or more of the Earth’s oceans

Biology (1 decks)

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