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Biology > Biology PP 21-30 > Flashcards

Biology PP 21-30 Flashcards

1
Q

What is stress?

A

Anything that changes the “milieux intérieur” (Claude Bernard); disruption of “homeostasis” (Walter Cannon)

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2
Q

What is the “Alarm” phase

A
  • Immediate reaction to a stressor

- Magnitude of response is related to magnitude of stressor

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3
Q

Resistance Phase (adaption)

A
  • if stress continues the body adapts
  • general metabolic changes to cause peripheral tissues to use fatty acids and amino acids for energy and spare sugar
  • Conservation of salts and water to maintain blood pressure
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4
Q

Exhaustion Phase (chronic, long-term stress) side effects

A
  • Insomnia, fatigue, loss of appetite, lethargy, antisocial mood, headaches, ulcers, digestive problems
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5
Q

Metabolic changes in the Exhaustion Phase

A
  • Exhaustion of lipid reserves; muscle wasting (decrease in bone mass)
  • Structural and functional damage to vital organs
  • Loss of potassium contributes to cellular malfunction
  • Hypertension: retention of sodium and water
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6
Q

Population ecology

A

Dispersal, rangers, migration, population growth, reproductive strategies

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7
Q

Species interactions

A

competition, herbivory, plant defenses, top-down and bottom-up processes, etc

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8
Q

Community ecology

A

-species richness, diversity, succession and stability, food webs and energy flow, biomass production

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9
Q

ecosystems

A

-the biotic community of organisms living in an area, as well as the abiotic environment affecting that area

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10
Q

Biomes

A

-A biome is a large community of vegetation and wildlife adapted to a specific climate

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11
Q

Biosphere

A

-the regions on the surface of the earth and atmosphere where living organisms exsits

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12
Q

Energy flow

A

ultimately lost from an ecosystem as heat

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13
Q

Nutrients

A

continuous cycle from organisms to abiotic component of an ecosystem

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14
Q

Aral Sea

A

In the 1960s, the Soviets started a massive irrigation plan for farming in nearby deserts
- Use water from the Aral Sea, fed by precipitation and snowmelt

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15
Q

Water

A

essential element and transports nutrients between compartments

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16
Q

The water cycle(or hydrological cycle)

A 
Primarily physical (not chemical) cycle
Evaporation
Precipitation
Driven by solar energy
Water evaporates form the ocean
Evapotranspiration from soil and land plants
Over land, 90% of the water that enters the atmosphere has passed through plants and evapotranspirated from the leaves
Atmospheric water condenses into clouds
Precipitation
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17
Q

Aquifer

A

porous underground deposit that holds water bounded below (and sometimes above) by impervious layer (e.g., bedrock)

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18
Q

Biomes can be characterized by…

A

by physical characteristics such as temperature and precipitation
Also: soil type, wind, and others

Availability of water

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19
Q

Forest ecosystems

A

characterized by trees, classified by climate (tropical, temperate or boreal)

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20
Q

Grasslands

A

characterized by grasses (e.g., prairie, savannahs and steppes), trees sparse, semi-arid, may be in warm or cold climates
E.g., Prairie

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21
Q

Desert ecosystems

A

low precipitation (<25 cm per year), from tropics to arctic, generally windy, vegetation sparse.

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22
Q

Tundra ecosystems

A

arctic & alpine, snow-covered, windswept, treeless, dry (less rain than most deserts), the soil may be frozen year-round (permafrost).

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23
Q

Freshwater ecosystems

A

stationary water (ponds) or flowing (streams & rivers), also bogs, lakes and swamps.

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24
Q

Marine ecosystems

A

: saltwater, the most abundant types of ecosystems in the word (ocean floor to surface, intertidal, estuaries, salt marsh, swamps, mangroves, coral reefs).

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25
Q

Physical effects of low temperatures

A

frost and ice damage causes cells to rupture

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26
Q

Physiological effects of low temp (functional)

A

enzymes are temperature sensitive (enzymes- proteins that speed up chemical reactions inside a cell)

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27
Q

Keystone species

A

a species that has a major effect on shaping an ecosystem (disproportionate to its abundance or biomass)

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28
Q

Jack pine

A

require fire to melt the resin that holds the cones together, releasing seeds

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29
Q

Giant sequoia

A

require fire for seed germination

30
Q

Effects of temperature on coral reefs

A

Deposition of calcium carbonate (skeleton) is temperature dependent
Accelerated at warm temperatures, suppressed in cold water
Warm-water coral reefs: distribution limited to regions with 20ºC average daily temp in the coldest months of the year

31
Q

Coral bleaching

A

If water temperatures are too high, the symbiotic algae that live within the corals die and are expelled; corals lose their colour

32
Q

Mutualism

A

Corals provide algae with a home and nutrients (ammonium)
Algae provide the corals with oxygen, glucose and other nutrients
Relationship started ~210 million years ago
Coral species that host algae deposit calcium 10x faster than species of corals that don’t

33
Q

Are there cold-water corals

A

Yes- and in Nova Scotia in ., Georges Bank

34
Q

Foundation species

A

dominates in terms of abundance; here, provides habitat for other species

35
Q

Osmotic balance

A
36
Q

Osmotic balance

A

ensures optimal levels of salts and water across cells and tissues in the body
The movement of water across of cell membrane to balance solute (e.g., salt) concentrations
Maintains body functions

37
Q

Salinity

A

effects water density, thermal capacity, biochemistry, availability of nutrients and metals; these in turn effects who can live there

38
Q

Freshwater fish:

Hyperosmotic

A

more salts in their tissues than in the surrounding environment
Gain water by osmosis (e.g., water crosses into the gills)
Lots and lots and lots of urine

39
Q

Saltwater fish:

Hypo-osmotic

A

less salt in their tissues than in the surrounding environment
Lose water by osmosis (e.g., water crosses out of the gills)
Little urine

40
Q

Halophytes

A

species that tolerate higher salt concentrations in their cells than regular plants

41
Q

pH

A

concentration of hydrogen (H+) ions

42
Q

Factors that effect pH of soil and water

A 
Carbon dioxide (e.g., respiration, bacteria, etc.)
Organic matter
Geology
Air pollution (e.g., sulfur dioxide)
Water from abandoned coal mines
Acid rain
Burning 
Long-term clear cutting (Fig. 54.14, right)
43
Q

Normal rainwater pH

A

5.6

44
Q

Ecosystem services

A

the benefits people obtain from an ecosystem

45
Q

Optimal pH for most freshwater fish is

A

between 6.0 and 9.0

46
Q

Low pH

A

Alters water chemistry, increases the availability of toxic metals (e.g., mercury)
Changes gill structure, decreases survivorship of embryos, changes hormone production in males, decreases salt tolerance in smolts (the life stage that goes to the ocean), decreases ability to detect predators

47
Q

Ecosystems

A

The biotic community of organisms living in an area, as well as the abiotic environment affecting that area

48
Q

What are microplastics?

A

Small pieces of plastics that are < 5 mm long
Nanoplastics < 1 µm (red blood cell ~ 7.5 µm)
Chemically diverse
Highly persistent in the environment- water, soil and air

49
Q

The hidden risks of microplastics

A

They are small
Their leachates can be toxic
Both microplastics and leachates persist in ecosystems
At ecologically relevant concentrations, they effect invertebrate guts, microbiomes, gills, immunity, development and offspring
Also effect microbial communities
Can be bio-amplified

50
Q

Biosphere

A

The regions on the surface of the earth and atmosphere where living things exist

Maximum height- Mt. Everest, ca. 9 km
Maximum depth-Mariana Trench, ca. 11 km
(average 3 km)

The maximum thickness of the biosphere = 20 km

0.16% of the thickness of the planet

51
Q

Terrestrial Biomes

A

classified by annual precipitation and temperature

52
Q

Aquatic Biomes

A 
Classified by:
Water salinity
Current strength
Water depth
Oxygen content
Light availability
53
Q

Weather

A

short term state or atmospheric conditions in a particular place and time
- Behavioural responses of organisms

54
Q

Climate

A

average atmospheric conditions in a particular place over a longer time (years to millennia)

55
Q

Abiotic factors

A

major players in shaping the distribution of life on earth

56
Q

What creates climate patterns?

A

Pattern of solar radiation

Rotation of the earth

57
Q

Greenhouse gases include

A

CO2, H2O, methane, O3, nitrous oxides (NO and NO2), and pollutants such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

58
Q

High latitudes

A

solar input more spread out, and more energy is absorbed in the atmosphere

59
Q

Near equator

A

solar input more focused and direct

60
Q

Solar energy determines

A

atmospheric circulation and global precipitation patterns

61
Q

Biodiversity hot spots

A

regions that are biologically diverse and are under threat of destruction

62
Q

Biodiversity crisis

A

the idea that there is currently an elevated loss of species on Earth, far beyond the normal extinction rates

63
Q

Carrying capacity

A

the maximum population size that can be sustained by an environment

64
Q

Age structure

A

relative numbers of individuals in a defined age group

65
Q

Total fertility rate (TFR)

A

average number of live births a woman will have in her lifetime

66
Q

Annual population growth rate

A

% change in population/ year

67
Q

Falling fertility rates

A

better health care, less child mortality, more families coming out of poverty

68
Q

Carrying capacity

A

the maximum population size that can be sustained by an environment

69
Q

Ecological footprint

A

the amount of productive land needed to support each person
1st- energy
2nd food
3rd- forestry

70
Q

Global warming

A

an increase in the Earth’s average surface temperature
Ocean currents
Atmospheric circulation & precipitation patterns

71
Q

Climate change

A

: long-term change in the Earth’s climate, or a change in climate in a particular region

72
Q

Sea level

A

average level of the surface of one or more of the Earth’s oceans

Biology (1 decks)

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