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Physics - Waves in 2D > Biology - Protection and Control > Flashcards

Biology - Protection and Control Flashcards

1
Q

Define Nerve Impulse - Action Potential

A

Each Neuron receives an impulse that is passed on to the next Neuron

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2
Q

where do chemical events happen?

A

The synapse between nerve cells

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3
Q

where do electrical events happen?

A

occurs along the axon of the neuron

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4
Q

How do chemical events trigger a nerve impulse?

A

messages are transferred across synapses by chemical changes

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5
Q

What are the 4 steps of Chemical change?

A
  1. Calcium gates open
  2. Neurotransmitter is released
  3. Neurotransmitter binds with receptors on the neuron
  4. Excitation or inhibition of the membrane occurs
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5
Q

Calcium Gates Open -

A

membrane depolarizes and calcium ions enter the cell

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5
Q

Define Depolarization

A

A change within a cell that causes a shift in electrical charge distribution causing the cell to be less negatively charged

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6
Q

Name 4 pathogens

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Viruses
  3. Prions
  4. Fungus
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6
Q

Define Pathogen

A

A biological agent that causes diseases or illnesses in a person

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7
Q

Why are sweat and oil glands important?

A

-They produce chemicals that slow down/prevent the growth of bacteria

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7
Q

What enzyme is found in saliva and tears that kills bacteria?

A

Lysozyme

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7
Q

what are 3 lines of defense that the body has to protect against pathogens

A
  • external barriers
  • inflammatory system
  • immune system
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8
Q

Are the 3 lines of defense specific or non-specific

A

Inflammatory Response - Non specific
Immune Response - Specific
External Barriers - Non specific

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9
Q

What is the difference between T - Lymphocytes and B - Lymphocytes?

A

T - Made in the thymus gland and react to cancerous cells or viruses
B - Made in the Spleen/bone marrow and react to bacterial pathogens

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10
Q

List 2 functions of the lymphatic system

A
  1. Defense against disease
  2. Keeping body fluids at a constant level
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11
Q

What is lymph?

A

-Tissue fluid found in lymph vessels

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12
Q

why are there no lymph arteries?

A

-Lymph only flows towards the heart and arteries take substances away from the heart

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13
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

-Holds onto extra blood
-Filters out and destroys bacteria

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14
Q

what is the role of the thymus gland?

A

It stores T lymphocytes until they mature and are released into the_____ (Ask Miss Brown)

15
Q

What is the role of the nervous system?

A

Send signals from one part of the body to another

16
Q

What are Neurons? why are they important

A

-They are a network of specialized cells in the nervous system
-They coordinate actions of animals and send signals from one part of the body to other parts

17
Q

List 3 functions of glial cells

A

-Provide neurons with nutrients
-Insulate neurons
-Remove cellular debris when neurons die

18
Q

What are 2 things that could happen if the neuron did not have a proper myelin sheath

A

-Signals from adjacent cells would interfere with each other
-Neural impulses would be too slow

19
Q

What is Serotonin’s role?

A

Balances hormones that affect a person’s mood

20
Q

What is Dopamine’s role?

A

-Gives feelings of pleasure, satisfaction and motivation
-Helps control memory, mood, sleep, movement and concentration

21
Q

What is Acetylcholine’s role?

A

Regulates blood pressure, cardiac contractions, intestinal peristalsis and glandular secretion

22
Q

what is norepinephrine’s role

A

-Increases alertness, arousal and attention
-Maintains blood pressure when a person is stressed

23
Q

What is GABA’s role

A

-Controls anxiety, stress and fear

24
Q

what is endorphin’s role?

A

-Improves mood, lowers stress and alleviates pain

25
Q

what parts of the brain are responsible for speech?

A

The frontal lobe and temporal lobe

26
Q

what does the frontal lobe do?

A
  • responsible for voluntary movement of body parts. Determines right from wrong. Responsible for speech, personality and intelligence
27
Q

what is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

determines spatial sense, touch, pain, temperature, etc.

28
Q

what is the occipital lobe for?

A

visual processing centre of the brain

29
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

The part of the brain in charge of hearing and speech. It includes the hippocampus which forms long term memory

30
Q

Describe the functions of the Cerebellum

A

Plays a large role in motor control, attention and language

31
Q

what is the brain stem for?

A

regulates the Cardiac and respiratory system.

32
Q

Describe releasing a neurotransmitter

A

Calcium ions rushing into the cell cause the neuro transmitter to be released

33
Q

How does the neurotransmitter bind with the receptor on the neuron?

A

-Neurotransmitter moves across the synapse and binds with proteins

34
Q

What happens after the neurotransmitter has induced an excitatory response?

A

-Messages are sent to the axon terminal by electrical impulse

35
Q

List the five steps of electrical impulse

A

-polarization
-depolarization
-Repolarization
-Hyperpolarization
-Refractory period

36
Q

Describe polarization

A

-Cell is at rest - needs to be stimulated to get it going

37
Q

Describe Repolarization

A

-Potassium ions move but the sodium ions stay inside membrane
-Electrical balance becomes opposite to it’s beginning charge

38
Q

Describe Hyperpolarization

A

-Potassium channels close with slightly less potassium ions inside
-membrane potential drops a lower than resting potential

38
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

-Everything inside the membrane goes back to normal
-The potassium and sodium ions go back to their own sides

39
Q
A
40
Q
A

Physics - Waves in 2D (7 decks)

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