Biology Regent

Question 1

Cell -> Tissue -> Organ -> System-> Organism

Question 2

Organs work together to maintain HOMEOSTASIS

Answer 2

lungs and heart balance or oxygen and carbon dioxide balance

Question 3

Cells are the smallest unit of life (atoms and molecules and organelles aren’t living)

Question 4

Negative feedback

Answer 4

A response that returns the body to normal conditions
ex high blood sugar-> pancreas releases insulin-> blood sugar decreases

Question 5

DNA-> Protein-> trait

Answer 5

The order of DNA BASES determines the AMINO ACID SEQUENCE-> protein SHAPE-> trait

Question 6

Transcription(nucleus): DNA-mRNA

Question 7

Translation(ribosome):m RNA-> amino acid chain-> protein folding

Question 8

All cells have the same DNA, but only specific genes are expressed in each cell type (gene expression)

Question 9

Circulatory system

Answer 9

Transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste via blood (heart, blood vessels)

Question 10

Excretory system

Answer 10

removes wastes like urea and Co2; maintains water and salt balance (kidneys, lungs skin)

Question 11

Nervous system

Answer 11

sends electrical signals to detect and respond to stimuli ( brain, spinal cord, nerves)

Question 12

Respiratory

Answer 12

Exchange gases- brings in oxygen and releases co2 (lungs, trachea)

Question 13

Immune system

Answer 13

protects against pathogens using white blood cells, antibodies-, lymph nodes

Question 14

reproductive systems

Answer 14

produces gametes; allows fertilization and development of offspring

Question 15

Proteins are folded chains of amino acids that preform roles

Answer 15

Enzymes- speed up chem reactions (digestion)
Antiobodies- recognize and help destroy pathogens
Receptors - recieve signals (hormones, neurotransmitters)
Structural proteins (collagen, keratin) provide support
Transport proteins- move substances across membranes

Question 16

A molecule shape determines how it interacts

Answer 16

insulin- fits only into insulin- receptors. changes in chapel ( mutation, pH temp shifts) can prevent binding

Question 17

Diffusion

Answer 17

particles move from high to low concentration
No energy needed
oxygen leaves lungs into blood

Question 18

osmosis

Answer 18

water diffusion across membrane
water moves toward more solute
plant roots absorb water

Question 19

Isotonic- no net movement normal cell
Hypotonic- cell gains water swollen cell
Hypertinuc- cell luses water shriveled cell

Question 20

Nucleus

Answer 20

stores dna

Question 21

ribosome

Answer 21

build proteins

Question 22

mitochondria

Answer 22

releases energy ATP

Question 23

chloroplast

Answer 23

makes glucose using light

Question 24

cell membrane

Answer 24

controls entry/exit site of diffusion/osmosis

Question 25

mitosis ( whole body)

Answer 25

makes identical body cells (for growth and repair) like when have a cut

Question 26

Meiosis

Answer 26

is in your ovaries and testies makes gametes with half the chromosomes ( egg.sperm) Crossing over during prophase I swamps genes, increasing variation. Errors here can cause inherited mutations

Question 27

photosynthesis plants only in cholorplasts

Answer 27

co2+ H20 + light -> c6h12o6+02

Question 28

cell resperation all living things in mitochondria

Answer 28

c6h12o6+02-> co2+H20+ATP releases energy for cells to use

Question 29

energy flow sunlight-> producers-> consumers

Answer 29

only 10 percent of energy is passed to the next level most is lost as heat

Question 30

eutrophication

Answer 30

runoff adds extra nitrogen/ phosphurs-> algea bloom-> oxygen drops-> fish die Demonstrates how changes in nutrient cycles disrupt ecosystems

Question 31

Carrying capacity

Answer 31

Max pop size the environment can support long-term -Affected by biotic and abiotic factors - Biotic- living (predators, competiton, living prey) - Abiotic- nonliving ( temp, pH, preciption,soil)

Question 32

Exponential (J curve)

Answer 32

Rapid growth with abunedent resources

Question 33

Logistic growth (S curve)

Answer 33

slows as it nears carrying capacity

Question 34

Mutualism (+/+) Commensalism (+/0) Parasitism (+,-) Group behaviors fish schooling reduces predation risk

Question 35

Mutations

Answer 35

Change In DNA sequence (insertion,deletion, substituion) GANETE MUTATION- (DNA changes in egg or sperm) can be inherited BODY CELL MUTATIONS (only affect the individual) -Can be caused by radiation, chemicals, or replication errors -Results; helpful, harmful, or neutral - Will result in changes during protein synthesis- the protein may be built differently and have a dif function due to the change in shape.

Question 36

Genetics

Answer 36

genotype- gene version, like the letter code phenotype- physical trait (brown eyes) Dominant v Recessive Punnet squares- show possible offspring genotypes Sex linked traits (color blind) often carries on X chromosome

Question 37

Natural selection

Answer 37

1. Variation ( from mutations and and crossing over) 2. Overproduction of offspring 3. Competition for limited resources 4. Differential survival - better traits= more off spring variation exists-> overproduction-> competiton-> best adapted survive and reproduce-> traits become more common

Question 38

evolution

Answer 38

fossils, Dna/embryo similarities, homologous structures SPECIATION- long term isolation-> populations evolve into new species EVOLUTIONARY TRADE OFF - Fire ant b allele helps some social behavior but makes BB genotype- queens fail- so both B and b persist

Question 39

Carbon cycle

Answer 39

Photosynthesis removes co2 - Respirtation, decomposition, and bruning fossil fuels return co2 - More co2 = stronger greenhouse effect

Question 40

Great oxygenation event

Answer 40

Early photosynthetic bacteria realses 02-> aerobic life eveolved - 02 also formed ozone layer (03)-> protected from uv radiation

Question 41

engineering design

Answer 41

Criteria= goals (bridge supports 100 kg) Constraints= limets (budget, materials) Deseign cycle= define-> brainstorm-> prototype-> test -> improve-> explain