BIOLOGY S2 FINAL Full depth Study guide

Question 1

What is Meiosis?

Answer 1

Meiosis is the type of cell division that produces gametes.

Meiosis involves two cell divisions and produces four haploid cells.

Question 2

How many parts does Meiosis take place in?

Answer 2

Meiosis occurs in two parts: Meiosis I and Meiosis II.

Question 3

What are the steps of Meiosis?

Answer 3

The steps are: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

Question 4

Where does crossing over take place during Meiosis?

Answer 4

Crossing over takes place in Metaphase I.

Question 5

What is a Chromosome?

Answer 5

A coiled structure made of DNA and protein present during cell division and visible with a light microscope.

Question 6

Define Homologous Chromosomes.

Answer 6

Pairs of chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and genetic content.

Question 7

What is the difference between Diploid and Haploid?

Answer 7

Diploid: having two sets of chromosomes; Haploid: having only one chromosome of each type.

Question 8

Who is Gregor Mendel?

Answer 8

An Austrian monk who discovered the laws of inheritance through experiments with pea plants.

Question 9

What does the Law of Segregation state?

Answer 9

It states that the two factors (alleles) that control a given trait separate and go to different gametes.

Question 10

What is the Law of Independent Assortment?

Answer 10

It states that factors (alleles) controlling different traits are inherited independently of each other.

Question 11

Define Heredity.

Answer 11

The passing of traits from parents to offspring.

Question 12

What is a Genotype?

Answer 12

The combination of alleles that an individual inherits for a given gene.

Question 13

What is a Phenotype?

Answer 13

The characteristics of an organism that depend on how the organism’s genotype is expressed.

Question 14

Define Dominant Allele.

Answer 14

An allele that masks the presence of another allele for the same gene in a heterozygote.

Question 15

What is a Recessive Allele?

Answer 15

An allele that is masked by the presence of another allele for the same gene in a heterozygote.

Question 16

What does Homozygous Dominant mean?

Answer 16

An organism that inherits two of the dominant alleles.

Question 17

What does Heterozygous mean?

Answer 17

An organism that inherits one dominant allele and one recessive allele.

Question 18

What is Homozygous Recessive?

Answer 18

An organism that inherits two of the recessive alleles.

Question 19

Define Probability in genetics.

Answer 19

The likelihood, or chance, that a certain event will occur.

Question 20

What is a Punnett Square?

Answer 20

A chart for determining the expected ratios of different genotypes in the offspring of two parents.

Question 21

What is a Monohybrid Cross?

Answer 21

A cross between two organisms with different variations of one gene.

Question 22

What does the Central Dogma describe?

Answer 22

The process of DNA being transcribed to RNA, which is then translated to protein.

Question 23

What is DNA?

Answer 23

Deoxyribonucleic acid.

Question 24

What are the base pairs in DNA?

Answer 24

G, C and A, T.

Question 25

What is the shape of DNA?

Answer 25

Double Helix.

Question 26

What is the function of Helicase?

Answer 26

An enzyme that opens DNA’s Double Helix.

Question 27

What is RNA?

Answer 27

Ribonucleic Acid.

Question 28

Name the three types of RNA.

Answer 28

* mRNA * rRNA * tRNA

Question 29

What does mRNA do?

Answer 29

Copies the genetic instructions from DNA and carries them to the cytoplasm.

Question 30

What is rRNA's role?

Answer 30

Helps form ribosomes, the organelle where proteins are assembled.

Question 31

What is the function of tRNA?

Answer 31

Brings amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Question 32

What are the base pairs in RNA?

Answer 32

G, C and A, U.

Question 33

What are the monomers of DNA and RNA?

Answer 33

Nucleotides.

Question 34

What is a Protein?

Answer 34

An organic compound made up of amino acids.

Question 35

What are amino acids?

Answer 35

The monomers of proteins.

Question 36

What do proteins code for?

Answer 36

Genes.

Question 37

What did Chargaff's Rules state?

Answer 37

Within each species, the concentration of adenine is about the same as thymine, and guanine is about the same as cytosine.

Question 38

What is Protein Synthesis?

Answer 38

The process that cells use to create proteins.

Question 39

What occurs during Replication?

Answer 39

DNA is copied before cell division.

Question 40

Where does Transcription take place?

Answer 40

In the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

Question 41

What is the process of Translation?

Answer 41

The reading of the genetic code in mRNA to make a protein.

Question 42

Define Codon.

Answer 42

A group of three nitrogen bases in RNA or DNA that codes for a single amino acid.

Question 43

What is an Anti-Codon?

Answer 43

A sequence of 3 bases in the tRNA molecule complementary to the codon in mRNA.

Question 44

What is Evolution?

Answer 44

The changes in the proportions of biological types in a population over time.

Question 45

Define Species.

Answer 45

A group of organisms that can reproduce with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring.

Question 46

What is a Population?

Answer 46

A group of organisms of a single species that can interbreed and live at the same time.

Question 47

What are Mutations?

Answer 47

Changes in the DNA sequence of an organism.

Question 48

Define Adaptations.

Answer 48

The process of adjusting behavior, physiology, or structure to become more suited to an environment.

Question 49

What are Variations?

Answer 49

Differences in traits between individuals of the same species.

Question 50

What is Biological Fitness?

Answer 50

An organism's ability to pass its genetic material to its offspring.

Question 51

What does Natural Selection explain?

Answer 51

How species change over time based on the survival of organisms better suited to their environment.

Question 52

What is necessary for Natural Selection to occur?

Answer 52

There must be a heritable trait.

Question 53

What does Natural Selection select on?

Answer 53

The phenotype, not the genotype.

Question 54

Define Artificial Selection.

Answer 54

The process by which humans choose organisms with certain traits to breed.

Question 55

What is Convergent Selection?

Answer 55

Organisms that aren't closely related evolve similar features or behaviors.

Question 56

What are Homologous Structures?

Answer 56

An organ, system, or body part that shares a common ancestry in multiple organisms.

Question 57

What are Vestigial Structures?

Answer 57

Physical structures that are remnants from an ancestor and have no apparent function.

Question 58

Define Analogous Structures.

Answer 58

Traits or structures in different species that have similar functions but different evolutionary origins.